developmental stages and challenges

basic concepts and principles of development

  • adolescence

    • period of life wherein a child dramatically shifts into an adult

    • a time of great curiosity, intellect, physical function and emotionality

    • transitional period linking childhood and adulthood

  • development

    • the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan

    • most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying

principles of development

  1. development is sequential and lifelong

    • developmental milestones

      • crawl → walk → run

      • puberty

      • cognitive development

  2. development is holistic or multidimensional

    • physiological, cognitive, socio-emotional dimensions

  3. development is plastic

    • we have capacity for change

    • 2011, gabrielle giffords survived a brain injury and was able to regain her motor and speech skills

  4. development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

    • as we grow older, we are likely to lose sill, hence the need for regulation and maintenance

    • kailangan i-maintain mo ganern

  5. development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual

    • our genes, environment, and personal decisions play a role in our development

developmental theories

piaget’s cognitive theory

  • jean piaget

    • august 9 1896 - september 18 1980

    • clinical psychologist

    • stages

      • sensorimotor stage

        • birth - 2 years old

        • create an understanding about the world based on sensory experiences

      • preoperational stage

        • 2 - 7 years old

        • children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings (parang sa rws,, children start to associate symbols keme)

        • mental reasoning emerges, but limited as compared to adults

      • concrete operation stage

        • 7 - 11 years old

        • children can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific, concrete examples

        • example: classifying things into different sets and subsets and to consider their interrelationships (placing blocks in order of height/size

      • formal operation stage

        • begins around age 11

        • can conjure make-believe situations, abstract propositions, and events that are purely hypothetical, and can try to reason logically about them (hypothetical-deductive reasoning)

freud’s psychoanalytic theory

  • sigmeund freud

    • may 6 1856 - september 23 1939

    • propoent (advocates) of psychoanalysis

    • stages

      • oral phase

        • mouth as the erogenous zone

        • gain pleasure/stimulated through sucking

        • as adults—these needs are satisfied through sucking candies, overeating, smoking cigarettes, and making sarcastic remarks….

        • weaning experience shapes our personality

      • anal phase

        • around 1 - 2 years old

        • anus… as the erogenous zone.. ermm

        • gain pleasure through destructive behavior and having interest in their poop

        • an anal character involves: orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy

        • toilet training experience shapes our personality (thats kind of insane tbh)

      • phallic phase

        • it gets worse

        • around 3 - 4 years old

        • genitals……… as the erogenous zone

        • gain pleasure through m*sturbation

        • identification w mother (for females) or father (for males) occurs

        • experience in suppressions of masturbation shapes our personality. girl what

      • latency period

        • 4 - 5 years old until puberty

        • energy is focused towards school, friendships, hobbies, and nonsexual activties

        • children from groups with friends :)

      • genital period

        • puberty

        • sexual energy is directed towards others

        • reproduction is now possible 😭 😭