CELL-MEMBRANE-TO-REDOX

Cell membrane*The thin, flexible barrier that surrounds and protects the cell, controlling what enters and exits.

Lipid bilayer*The double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane.

Hydrophilpic head*Polar phosphate part of phospholipid (water-loving)

Hydrophobic tail*Non-polar fatty acid part of phospholipid (water-fearing)

Selectively permeable*Allowing some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.

Glycolipid*Lipids with attached carbohydrate chains that maintain stability and facilitate cell-cell interactions.

Carbohydrate chains*Chains of carbohydrates attached to proteins that give cells their unique identity for recognition.

Globular protein*Proteins that act as transport channels for ions and other molecules.

Glycoprotein*Proteins with attached carbohydrates that perform vital functions and enable cell recognition.

Integral protein*Proteins that reside within the cell membrane and surround cells and organelles.

Protein channel*Pores in the membrane that allow water molecules or small ions to pass through quickly.

Cholesterol*Modulates the structure of biological membranes and affects their fluidity and thickness.

Peripheral protein*Temporary bonds with the cell membrane, allowing them to detach and reattach at specific times with specific signals.

Alpha-helical protein*Present in the inner membrane of bacterial cells or the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells.

Active transport*The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires energy.

Passive transport*The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that does not require energy.

Diffusion*The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion*Diffusion across the membrane passing through special protein channels

Osmosis*The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Aquaporins*Water passes through facilitated diffusion in a protein channel called _____

Isotonic solution*A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell.

Hypertonic solution*A solution with a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell.

Plasmolysis*Cells shrink/shrivel

Hypotonic solution*A solution with a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.

Cytolysis*Cells swell and burst

Protein Pumps*Energy from ATP is used to pump small molecules and ions across the membrane

Endocytosis*The process of taking material into a cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane.

Phagocytosis*Amoeba-eating paramecium

Exocytosis*The process of releasing material from a cell by fusing the membrane of a vacuole with the cell membrane.

Pinocytosis*Cell drinking

Receptor mediated endocytosis (RME)*molecules bind with a specific receptor protein in the membrane before endocytosis

Proteins*Macromolecules that are polymers of amino acids and have various functions in cells, including enzymes.

Enzyme*A biological molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.

Activation energy*The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

Active site*The surface groove on an enzyme where a specific chemical reactant (substrate) binds and undergoes a reaction.

Lock and key model*A model that describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate, where the enzyme's active site fits the substrate like a lock and key.

Denaturing*The alteration of a protein's shape, resulting in the loss of its function, usually caused by external stress such as heat or changes in pH.

Temperature*A factor that affects enzyme activity, with enzymes working best at a specific temperature range. (irreversible)

pH*A factor that affects enzyme activity, with enzymes working best at a specific pH value. (reversible)

Substrate concentration*A factor that affects enzyme activity, with enzymes working best at a optimum concentration

Cofactors*Non-protein substances, such as zinc, iron, copper, or vitamins, that are sometimes needed for proper enzymatic activity.

Coenzymes*Organic molecules that act as cofactors and bind loosely to the active site of enzymes, aiding in substrate recruitment.

Inhibitors*Molecules that interact with enzymes to prevent them from functioning normally.

Competitive inhibitor*Chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.

Non-competitive inhibitor*Molecules that bind to a different part of the enzyme, causing a change in the enzyme's shape and the active site.

Uncompetitive inhibitor*Molecules that reversibly bind to the enzyme-substrate complex

Catecholase*Enzyme present in fruits and vegetables (browning of fruits)

Bromelain*Protease enzyme that facilitate hydrolysis of protein

Oxidation-reduction reaction*A reaction where electrons are transferred from one substance to another.

Oxidation*The loss of electrons or gain of oxygen in a chemical reaction.

Reduction*The gain of electrons or loss of oxygen in a chemical reaction.

Oxidoreductases*transfer H and O atoms or electrons from one substance to another

Transferases*transfer of a specific group from one substance to another

Hydrolases*hydrolysis of a substance

Isomerases*Change of molecular form of the substance

Lyases*Nonhydrolytic removal of a group or addition of a group to a substrate

Ligases (Synthetases)*Joining 2 molecules by the formation of new bonds