Final Exam Gross Anatomy Notes
What technique creates a 3D dynamic image of blood vessels?
3D-CT angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography
Which type of imaging is based on the movement of protons in a magnetic field?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
If you study the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures, what kind of anatomy would that be?
Surface anatomy
If you do visual inspection of the body organ, what kind of anatomy is that?
Gross Anatomy
Where is the antecubital region?
On the front of the elbow joint where the arm and forearm meet
How does the sagittal plane separate the body into?
Left and right sections
Which serous membrane covers the lungs?
Pleura
Diagram of the body cavities (diaphragm, thoracic cavity, mediastinum, etc.).
Diagrams with peritoneal cavity with retroperitoneal organs and the mesentery.
***Label structures 1-7, and write the names of the two other retroperitoneal organs not displayed in this diagram.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
*Other Two:
Visceral and parietal peritoneum
What type of membrane lines joint cavities?
Synovial membrane
What is cyanosis?
Condition that causes the skin, lips, and nail beds to appear bluish or purple due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
Where is the diaphysis of a bone found? /what is diaphysis?
In the middle section of a long bone
Which is the most common type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
What’s osteoporosis?
A disease that causes bones to become weak and more likely to break
What bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits?
The frontal bone
What is kyphosis?
an abnormal curvature of the upper spine that causes the back to appear rounded or hunched. “Hunchback”
What is the function of the vertebral column?
For structure and support
Which vertebrae have transverse foramina?
Cervical
What is the loss of height in old age due to?
Degeneration of vertebral discs
Through what structure do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
What do we call the posterior inferior projection from the vertebrae?
Spinous process
What is the largest and most superior coxal bone?
Illium
Which bone forms the lateral malleolus?
The fibula bone
Where do you find the sacral iliac joint?
Located in the pelvis, where the sacrum and the iliac bones meet
What are fontanelles?
Soft spaces between the bones of the skull where bone formation isn't complete
Where do you find articular cartilage?
Found in the ends of bones at synovial joints
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed.
What is the most commonly dislocated joint?
The shoulder joint
Where do you find the glenoid labrum? What is it?
A ring of rubbery cartilage that surrounds the glenoid, or shoulder socket, of the shoulder joint
What causes osteoarthritis?
When the cartilage and other tissues within the joint break down or have a change in their structure due to aging, obesity, injuries, genetics, etc.
Diagram of skull with fontanelles and sutures.
***A diagram with sutures is on the previous final study guide (Part 1)
What does extensor pollicis brevis move?
The thumb/pollex/digitus primus manus
If you input an injection on the anterior thigh, what muscle would that be?
Vastus lateralis muscle
Diagrams of the thoracic and abdominal regions, chest and abdominal muscles.
What layer forms the bulk of the heart wall?
The myocardium
What is the function of the pericardial fluid?
To reduce friction
What is myocardial infarction?
Also known as a heart attack, occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood, usually due to a blockage in the coronary arteries
What do chordae tendineae connect?
The papillary muscles in the ventricles to the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart
Which chamber is the pulmonary trunk connected to?
Right ventricle
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
The sinoatrial node (SA node)
What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?
Provide structural support for the heart, electrically isolate the atria from the ventricles, and serve as an attachment point for the heart valves, ensuring coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers by regulating electrical signal transmission between them
What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima
What are vasa vasorum?
A network of small blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the walls of larger blood vessels, such as arteries and veins
What characterizes arteriosclerosis?
A general term for a group of conditions that cause the walls of arteries to thicken, stiffen, and lose elasticity
Which blood vessels exit directly from the aortic arch?
The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery
Which blood vessel supplies the diaphragm?
Inferior phrenic arteries/musculophrenic artery
Where do you find the pedal pulse?
On either the dorsalis pedis pulse (on the top of the foot) or the posterior tibial pulse (located behind the medial malleolus — the ankle bone)
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe
What structure has c-shaped cartilage that form its anterior and lateral sides?
The trachea
What structure does each secondary bronchus supply?
The right main bronchus branches into three secondary bronchi: the right upper lobe bronchus, the right middle lobe bronchus, and the right lower lobe bronchus.
The left main bronchus branches into two secondary bronchi: the left upper lobe bronchus and the left lower lobe bronchus
When do you remove a bronchopulmonary segment of the right lung?
When the tumor is small and confined to that segment
Which muscles increase the volume of the thorax during normal inhalation
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
What is pneumothorax?
A condition that occurs when air leaks from the lung into the space between the lung and the chest wall
What is hemothorax?
A condition that occurs when blood collects in the pleural space, the hollow area between the lungs and the rib cage
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
The salivary glands, the pancreas, the gallbladder, and the liver
Which is the outer layer/tunic of the stomach?
Serosa
What are the four layers of the GI tract?
The mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis propria, and the serosa
Which cranial nerve supplies the digestive tract during parasympathetic stimulation?
Vagus Nerve
What is Hirschsprung’s disease?
Involves missing nerve cells in the muscles of part or all of the large intestine, causes problems passing stool
Which organs are retroperitoneal?
Adrenal glands, aorta, kidneys, esophagus, ureters, pancreas, rectum, and parts of the stomach and colon
Where is a large amount of fat accumulated in the abdominal cavity?
Visceral fat, deep within the abdominal cavity
What does the falciform ligament connect?
The liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm
What would a swollen uvula affect?
Primarily affect your ability to swallow food, and in severe cases, can also cause difficulty breathing if the swelling obstructs your airway significantly
Where do you find the parotid glands?
In front of and just below each ear, on either side of the face
How many sphincters does the esophagus have and which one is skeletal muscle (voluntary control?
Two sphincters: the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and the UES is the one composed of skeletal muscle
What would happen if the pyloric sphincter does not open?
Food cannot pass from the stomach into the small intestine
What forms the ampulla of Vater?
By the junction of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
What is the most distal part of the small intestine?
The ileum
How many lobes does the liver have and describe those?
Right lobe: The largest lobe of the liver.
Left lobe: Smaller than the right lobe.
Quadrate lobe: A smaller lobe located on the inferior surface of the right lobe, near the gallbladder.
Caudate lobe: A smaller lobe located on the posterior aspect of the liver, near the inferior vena cava
Which blood vessel returns nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
Where do you find the hepatic flexure and the splenic flexure?
The hepatic flexure is located in the upper right abdomen, where the ascending colon bends to become the transverse colon, and is situated near the liver; while the splenic flexure is found in the upper left abdomen, where the transverse colon bends to become the descending colon, positioned close to the spleen
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
To store urine
What is the external urinary sphincter made of?
Skeletal muscle
What is the importance of the location of the testes in the scrotum?
Provides optimal sperm production
What results with the contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles?
Pulls the testes closer to the body
Where do you find the tunica albuginea?
Surrounds the testes, middle layer
Through which structure do the testes descend into the scrotum?
Inguinal canal
What structures are found in the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Where is the male urethra located?
Pelvic region, within the corpus spongiosum
What term do we use for removal of the prepuce?
Circumcision
What is the use of the PSA test?
To test for prostate cancer
What holds the uterus and the ovaries in position?
Ligaments: broad, ovarian, and uterosacral
What does a pap test detect?
Cervical cancer
Where do you find the cervix/what organ is it attached to?
At the lowest point of the uterus inside the vagina canal
Where is an episiotomy usually performed?
In the perineum
Which layer of the uterine wall is shaved during menstruation?
Endometrium
What are the organs of milk production and that are modified sweat glands?
Mammary Glands
What attaches breasts to the pectoralis major muscle?
Cooper’s ligaments