Animal & Plant cell components: 

• Cell membrane: Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

• Cytoplasm: Where most of the chemical reactions occur.

• Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the activities of the cell.

• Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell where energy (ATP) is produced through respiration.

• Ribosomes: Where proteins are synthesized (protein synthesis).

• Cell wall: Made of cellulose, provides structural support and protection.

• Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis to produce food.

• Vacuole: Contains cell sap, maintains turgidity (rigidity) of the cell and stores nutrients and waste products.

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria):

• Plasmids: Small, extra pieces of DNA.

• Flagella: Tail-like structures used for movement.

• Xylem: Transports water and minerals. Lignified walls to support the plant.

• Phloem: Transports sugars. Contains sieve tubes for the movement of nutrients.

Transport in cells:

• Diffusion: The movement of molecules (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient.

• Osmosis: The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

• Active transport: The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

• Eukaryotic Cells: Cells with a nucleus (animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells).

• Prokaryotic Cells: Cells without a nucleus (bacteria).

• Cell Differentiation: The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

• Stem Cells: Unspecialized cells that can differentiate into different types of cells. Found in embryos and adult tissues.

• Chromosomes: Structures made of DNA that contain genes.

• Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.