Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Course Overview

  • Focus on Anatomy and Physiology related to speech, language, and hearing.

  • Divided into introductory anatomy followed by systems related to speech: respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, auditory, and nervous systems.

Anatomy and Physiology Definitions

  • Anatomy: Study of structures.

  • Physiology: Study of functions.

Subspecializations of Anatomy

  • Applied Anatomy: Clinical application.

  • Descriptive Anatomy: Part functionality.

  • Gross Anatomy: Structure without microscopy.

  • Microscopic Anatomy: Tissue studies via microscope.

  • Developmental Anatomy: Growth to birth.

  • Comparative Anatomy: Species comparison.

  • Pathological Anatomy: Structure changes due to disease.

Related Fields

  • Cytology: Cell structure/function

  • Histology: Tissue studies.

  • Osteology: Bone structure.

  • Myology: Muscle form.

  • Arthrology: Joint studies.

  • Neurology: Nervous system diseases.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Derived from Latin/Greek roots.

  • Orientation Terms: Describe anatomical structures (e.g., anterior, posterior).

  • Movement Terms: Includes flexion, extension, hyperextension.

Tissue Types

  1. Epithelial: Surface and lining functions.

  2. Connective: Supports structures, includes blood, bone, cartilage.

  3. Muscular: Capable of contraction (striated, smooth, cardiac).

  4. Nervous: Communication functions via neurons.

Body Systems

  • 11 major systems including: Cardiovascular, Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Urinary, Endocrine, Nervous, Immune/Lymphatic, Integumentary.

Systems of Speech

  • Respiratory: Provides air supply.

  • Phonatory: Produces voiced sounds.

  • Articulatory: Shapes speech sounds.

  • Nervous System: Controls speech processes.

Nervous System Overview

  • CNS: Brain and spinal cord; involved in higher functions.

  • PNS: Cranial and spinal nerves; peripheral service.

Neurons & Synapses

  • Neurons consist of dendrites, soma, axon.

  • Synapse: Connection between neurons for information transfer.