Antimicrobial Drugs Summary
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
History of Antimicrobial Agents
Drugs/Chemotherapeutic Agents: Affect physiology, act against diseases, treat infections.
Key Figures:
Paul Ehrlich: "Magic bullets" (Arsenic compounds).
Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin from Penicillium.
Gerhard Domagk: Discovered sulfanilamide.
Selman Waksman: Antibiotics from natural sources.
Types of Antimicrobial Agents:
Semisynthetics: Chemically altered for effectiveness.
Synthetics: Completely lab-synthesized.
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
Selective Toxicity: Key for effective chemotherapy.
Types of Agents:
Antibacterial drugs: Largest diversity.
Fewer drugs for eukaryotic infections.
Limited antiviral drugs.
Mechanisms:
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis:
Prevents cross-linkage of NAM (N-acetyl muramic acid) subunits.
Beta-lactams: Bind to enzymes to inhibit wall synthesis.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis:
Targets prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) vs. eukaryotic (80S).
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes:
E.g., Amphotericin B affects fungal membranes.
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways:
Interferes with unique pathogen metabolic processes.
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis:
Affects DNA replication and RNA transcription.
Prevention of Virus Attachment:
New area of drug development.
Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs
Ideal Antimicrobial Agent:
Readily available, inexpensive, stable, effective, non-toxic.
Spectrum of Action:
Narrow-Spectrum: Fewer organisms.
Broad-Spectrum: Many organisms; risk of superinfections.
Effectiveness Testing:
Diffusion susceptibility test.
Minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentration tests.
Routes of Administration:
Topical, oral, intramuscular, intravenous.
Safety and Side Effects:
Toxicity; potential adverse reactions; allergies; disruption of normal microbiota.
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
Development Mechanisms:
Mutations; acquisition of R plasmids.
Resistance Mechanisms:
Enzymatic destruction of drugs.
Prevention of drug entry.
Altered drug targets.
Altered metabolic pathways.
Efflux pumps expel drugs.
Multiple Resistance: Acquiring resistance to multiple drugs; especially common in healthcare settings.
Retarding Resistance:
Maintain high drug concentrations; use combinations of antimicrobial agents; develop new drug variations.