Unit 8 1945-1980

Roaring Twenties

0:06

roaring 20s. Let's start off with some

0:07

big ideas. We're going to see a lot of

0:09

advancements, changes in society and

0:11

economic developments in the roaring

0:12

20s. The big question is, was the

0:14

roaring 20s really roaring? Keep this

0:17

question in mind as we cover many of

0:18

these trends. So the first big idea is

0:20

that the first red scare was driven by a

0:22

lot of fear and paranoia after World War

0:24

I. Well, why does this happen? Well,

0:25

there's a few reasons. Obviously,

0:27

there's the Bolshevik revolution in

0:28

Russia, and Americans are going to

0:30

become wary of the growing communism in

0:32

the world, the antithesis to democracy

0:34

and capitalism. There's going to be a

0:36

lot of strikes like the steel strike of

0:37

1919 and the Boston police strike of

0:39

1919. And these are going to be seen as

0:41

radical labor movements and people fear

0:43

a socialist uprising. We're also going

0:46

to see race riots like the Chicago race

0:47

riot of 1919. And these are going to

0:49

happen because of competition for jobs

0:51

and housing. And finally, there were

0:53

bombings in eight cities. Now, none of

0:55

these are actually interconnected, but

0:56

this causes a lot of fear and paranoia

0:58

leading to the first red scare. And the

1:00

big thing that you should know are the

1:01

Palmer raids, a series of raids led by

1:03

General A. Mitchell Palmer that arrested

1:06

thousands of suspected socialists. Now,

1:08

trends in immigration. So, following

1:10

World War I, there's going to be a

1:11

severe nivist reaction, and immigration

1:13

is going to be heavily restricted.

1:14

There's a continuity of paranoia and

1:16

hatred of the new immigrants that we saw

1:18

in UNI 6. And part of this reason was

1:19

because they came from countries with

1:20

communism. Now, the Palmers and the Red

1:22

Scare are really going to drive this

1:23

nivism and paranoia because people think

1:25

that immigrants were trying to start a

1:26

socialist revolution. We're going to see

1:28

the passage of the Cotto Act of 1921,

1:30

which severely limits immigration, and

1:32

the National Cotto Act of 1924, which

1:34

limits immigration even more and was

1:36

intended to target new immigrants. In

1:38

fact, this act banned Japanese

1:39

immigration altogether and heavily

1:41

restricted Asian immigration. However,

1:42

national policies are going to allow

1:44

unrestricted immigration from the

1:45

Western Hemisphere. The most notable of

1:47

which were Mexican migrant farm workers

1:49

working in agriculture. We're also going

1:51

to see the rise of the KKK. The big idea

1:53

is that the KKK will greatly expand

1:55

their influence in the 1920s. They're

1:57

going to spread beyond the South into

1:58

areas like the Midwest, and they don't

2:00

hate blacks anymore, but also

2:02

immigrants, Catholics, and radicals.

2:04

There's this film called Birth of a

2:05

Nation that is wildly popular in

2:07

American theaters. And this film was pro

2:09

KKK going to have 5 million members by

2:11

1925. And this is because they branded

2:12

themselves as patriotic. And their

2:14

largest support is going to come from

2:15

white Protestants, especially in rural

2:17

areas. And they're going to have massive

2:19

political power as well. One case that

2:20

you should know is a Sako and Vanzetti

2:22

case. The big idea is that the Saco and

2:24

Vanzetti case symbolize a growing

2:25

tensions during this time period. Saco

2:27

and Vanzetti are Italian immigrants who

2:29

were charged with murder and robbery.

2:31

And the controversy comes because a lot

2:32

of people believe that anti-immigrant,

2:34

anti-anarchist biases are going to play

2:36

a big role in the trial. Ultimately,

2:37

these two are going to be executed in

2:38

1927. So why was this called the roaring

2:41

20s? Well, the big idea is that the

2:43

1920s was a period of massive economic

2:45

growth and prosperity. 1920 is going to

2:47

be the first time the majority of

2:48

Americans live in urban areas and

2:50

there's going to be a lot of prosperity.

2:51

For example, the stock market is going

2:53

to skyrocket and this is partially due

2:55

to people buying our margin or taking

2:56

out loans to invest. There's a lot of

2:58

speculation and this is highly risky and

3:00

you know that this is going to be one of

3:02

the big causes of the Great Depression.

3:04

We also see the rise of consumerism.

3:05

Affordable goods like washing machines

3:07

are going to become available because

3:08

people now had money to spend. And

3:10

electricity in homes is going to

3:11

increase the demand for consumer

3:13

appliances. The rise of credit in the

3:15

form of installment plans is going to

3:16

allow people to buy things now and pay

3:19

later. But this also creates a lot of

3:20

debt. And advertising is really going to

3:22

increase consumer demand for everything.

3:24

And the big idea is that while there is

3:26

economic prosperity, unsustainable

3:28

economic practices are going to emerge

3:30

eventually leading to the Great

3:31

Depression. So during this time, there's

3:32

also going to be a lot of advancements

3:34

in transportation. The big cause of all

3:36

of this was the massive increase in

3:37

factory productivity. Again, we saw the

3:39

rise of tailorism as listed out in the

3:41

principles of scientific management.

3:43

We're also going to see the rise of the

3:44

assembly line process. People like Henry

3:46

Ford are really going to use the

3:48

assembly line process to create the

3:49

Model T, the first affordable automobile

3:51

for Americans. This hurts the railroad

3:53

industry, but leads to the growth of the

3:55

oil, steel, rubber, and construction

3:56

industries. There's also a lot of social

3:58

impacts, and the automobile becomes a

4:00

sign of freedom and equality. We also

4:02

see the rise of planes. Charles Lindberg

4:04

is going to become the first person to

4:05

fly solo across the Atlantic, making him

4:07

a national hero. Next, mass media. The

4:10

big idea is the rise of mass media in

4:12

the 1920s is going to have profound

4:13

societal impacts. The big one is going

4:15

to be the radio, which really brings the

4:17

nation together by providing common

4:19

experiences. We also see the rise of the

4:20

movie industry with Hollywood. For

4:22

example, the movie The Jazz Singer

4:24

becomes really popular. And all of this

4:26

is going to fuel the rise of celebrity

4:27

culture, creating popular national

4:29

figures like Babe Ruth. Another big idea

4:32

were the changing gender roles. The big

4:34

idea is the 1920s is going to be marked

4:36

by changing gender roles and the

4:37

challenging of social customs. Jazz,

4:39

drinking, dancing are all going to be

4:41

challenges to traditional values. And

4:43

all of these are going to be very common

4:44

during this time. Labor saving devices

4:46

like the washing machine are going to

4:47

change the role of women as housekeepers

4:49

because it now gives them more free

4:50

time. This means more free time for

4:51

leisure or more free time to fight for

4:53

equality. The flappers, who are

4:55

typically young women, are going to

4:56

symbolize this new, more independent

4:58

lifestyle. Another person that you

5:00

should know is Margaret Sanger, who

5:01

advocates for a woman's right of birth

5:03

control. Prohibition was another big

5:05

thing. Recall that the 18th amendment is

5:07

ratified in 1919 and the Bstead Act is

5:09

going to be passed to enforce

5:11

prohibition. Obviously, there was fierce

5:12

opposition in cities, especially amongst

5:14

immigrants. We're going to see

5:15

bootleggers that bring in illegally

5:17

acquired alcohol and the rise of speak

5:19

easys, which were illegal clubs that

5:21

sold alcohol. The reason why this

5:23

happens is because law enforcement is

5:24

understaffed and there's widespread

5:26

corruption and this allows for the rise

5:27

of organized crime like Al Capone.

5:30

Ultimately, prohibition is going to fail

5:32

and is overturned by the 21st amendment.

5:34

Nonetheless, it can still be seen as an

5:36

experiment to reform morality. Now,

5:38

African-Americans, the big idea is that

5:40

oppressive social economic conditions

5:42

for African-Americans are going to

5:43

persist during this time. We see this in

5:45

the form of Jim Crow laws, the

5:46

resurgence of the KKK, pervasive

5:48

lynching, and others. Regardless,

5:50

African-Americans are going to resist

5:51

these injustices. For context, recall

5:54

the trend of the first great migration

5:55

where African-Americans moved to

5:56

northern cities for jobs and to escape

5:58

the South with more concentrated

5:59

African-American populations. We're

6:01

going to see the rise of

6:02

African-American culture. For example,

6:04

we see the rise of jazz from New

6:05

Orleans. And the big one is going to be

6:07

the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural

6:08

revival of African-Americans centered in

6:10

Harlem. You see famous writers like

6:12

Claude McKay and Langston Hughes, as

6:14

well as famous artists like Louisie

6:16

Armstrong. There's also this idea of the

6:17

new negro which called for racial pride.

6:19

And outside of the Harlem Renaissance,

6:21

we also see the formation of the United

6:23

Negro Improvement Association which was

6:25

led by Marcus Garvey. And this is going

6:27

to call for separatism or the idea that

6:29

African-Americans should return to

6:30

Africa. However, this movement also

6:32

promotes black pride, self-sufficiency,

6:34

the growth of black businesses, and

6:36

other empowering things. So, we're going

6:38

to see a lot of change during this time

6:39

period. And as you know, every single

6:41

action is going to have an equal and

6:43

opposite reaction. The big idea is that

6:45

the 1920s was a clash between the new

6:47

modern values of the cities and the

6:48

traditional values of rural areas.

6:50

There's a rise of the fundamentalist

6:52

movement which believed in a very

6:53

literal interpretation of the Bible.

6:55

Radio preachers like Billy Sunday are

6:57

going to speak out against jazz,

6:58

drinking, dancing and others reaching a

7:00

much broader audience thanks to the

7:02

radio. And really the Scopes monkey

7:03

trial is going to symbolize all of these

7:05

tensions. You have a teacher John Scopes

7:07

who is arrested for teaching evolution

7:09

which was illegal in Tennessee. And the

7:11

prosecutor is going to be the

7:12

fundamentalist and previous presidential

7:14

candidate William Jennings Bryant. While

7:15

the defense was another famous lawyer

7:17

called Clarence Daryl. Ultimately Scopes

7:19

is convicted but gets off on a

7:21

technicality but that's not important.

7:22

This case is really going to demonstrate

7:24

the growing clashes of values to also

7:27

know about the lost generation. This was

7:29

a group of writers like Fitzgerald

7:30

Hemingway and Lewis who were all really

7:33

famous American authors and they're

7:34

going to criticize many aspects of the

7:36

1920s. They were disillusioned with

7:37

World War I. They question why America

7:39

fought the war in the first place.

7:41

They're also discontent with the clash

7:42

between rural and modern values. They

7:44

reject fundamentalism, but aren't happy

7:46

with the growing consumerism and

7:48

materialism of the decade. And really,

7:50

these writers are going to symbolize a

7:51

growing clash between the old and the

7:54

new, now the great depression. So, for

Great Depression

7:56

some context, let's quickly cover the

7:57

politics of the 1920s before moving on

7:59

to the Great Depression. The big idea is

8:01

that progressive reforms are largely

8:02

going to be dropped during the 1920s and

8:04

big business and the government are

8:06

going to become linked again and is very

8:08

pro business. All three presidents

8:09

during this time Hardin, Kulage and

8:11

Hoover are going to favor trickle down

8:13

economics. The idea that if you favor

8:15

big business, the benefits will trickle

8:17

down to the rest of society. So policies

8:19

include tax cuts and lacks antitrust

8:21

laws. High tariffs are also used. We're

8:23

going to see the 40 mcumber tariff which

8:25

greatly raises tariff and reduces global

8:27

trade because of tariff wars. The

8:29

intertwining of big business and the

8:31

government is going to lead to scandal

8:32

and corruption. We're going to see the

8:33

teapot dome scandal where the secretary

8:35

of interior Albert falls bribes for

8:37

leasing government lands to oil

8:39

companies. You should also know that

8:40

union membership generally declines

8:42

during the 1920s. Companies are going to

8:44

favor open shop policies where you don't

8:45

have to pay membership dues to a union

8:47

after being employed but will still be

8:49

represented by a union. Additionally,

8:50

the Palmer raids and the first red scare

8:52

are generally going to increase anti-UN

8:54

sentiment. Farmers are also going to

8:56

experience great economic difficulty in

8:58

the 1920s. Well, the key to all of this

9:00

is over production due to the transition

9:02

from wartime production to peace time

9:04

production. There also advancements in

9:05

technology. So, there are just more

9:07

crops being produced. Let's also cover

9:09

foreign affairs. The big idea is that

9:11

the US is an entirely isolationist after

9:13

World War I and is still somewhat

9:15

involved in world affairs. The US is

9:17

going to attend the Washington naval

9:18

arms conference which called for naval

9:20

disarmament for peace and this was

9:22

endorsed by the three republican

9:23

presidents to reduce defense spending.

9:25

From this conference we have the five

9:27

power treaty, four power treaty and the

9:29

nine power treaty. We also see the

9:31

Kellogg Bond patch which outlawed war as

9:33

an instrument of national policy. Now

9:35

this sounds great but it's impossible to

9:37

enforce and also allowed for defensive

9:39

war. So it doesn't really work out.

9:40

Another key thing to know is that after

9:42

World War I, the US is going to become a

9:44

creditor nation. The US will loan out

9:46

lots of money to Europe for recovery.

9:47

However, Europe will be slow to recover

9:49

and repay its debts. There's high

9:51

tariffs that slow down international

9:52

trade and German reparations were

9:54

literally impossible to repay. So,

9:56

everyone was broke. To address this, the

9:58

doll's plan was formed. American banks

10:00

would loan money to Germany to rebuild

10:02

and reparation payments would be

10:03

rescheduled. England and France would

10:05

then receive these reparations and then

10:06

pay back the United States. Now, this

10:08

sounds great, but it's ended by the

10:10

stock market crash of 1929. Now for the

10:12

causes of the great depression, the big

10:14

idea is that unsustainable economic

10:16

practices, economic downturn, and

10:18

international involvement will all

10:19

contribute to the Great Depression. We

10:21

have buying on margin, which caused

10:22

banks to fail and massive unemployment

10:24

after Black Tuesday, where stock markets

10:26

plunge. This caused the floor closure of

10:28

homes, which means people start crowding

10:30

soup kitchens and bread lines, living in

10:32

cardboard towns known as Foovervilles.

10:34

Overprouction of both industry and

10:36

agriculture was another cause. Prices

10:38

were super low because supply was

10:39

saturated, creating a lot of debt.

10:41

There's also the dust bowl that impacts

10:42

a lot of farmers. We even see a book,

10:44

The Graves of Wrath, written by John

10:46

Steinbeck, that narrated problems that

10:48

farmers faced. There were also growing

10:49

wealth inequalities as corporations

10:51

continue to profit while the workers

10:52

didn't. The use of installment plans and

10:54

the over reliance on credit meant that

10:55

people start defaulting on loans because

10:57

they don't have jobs, causing more banks

10:58

to fail. Additionally, international

11:00

problems like reparations not being paid

11:02

back and high tariffs that slow

11:03

international trade will all contribute.

11:06

So, what was Hoover's response to all of

11:08

these problems? he is going to refuse to

11:09

use government intervention during the

11:11

Great Depression. Uber really believes

11:12

in individualism and thought that

11:14

government intervention would be

11:15

terrible for America. Besides this idea

11:17

of volunteerism that local governments,

11:19

charities, and individuals should all

11:20

band together to get past hard times. He

11:23

also passes the Haley Smoot tariff which

11:25

was the highest peacetime tariff and

11:26

this is disastrous because it worsens

11:28

global trade and the economy even more.

11:30

And as economic problems persisted,

11:32

Hoover also passes the reconstruction

11:34

finance corporation which would use

11:36

trickle down economics. Money was given

11:38

to big businesses, not people. And this

11:40

was intended to stabilize wages, cut

11:41

unemployment. But man, people will not

11:43

like this. So, in the election of 1932,

11:46

we have Herbert Hoover against FDR. This

11:48

guy pretty much does nothing to help the

11:50

people. He bails out the rich and

11:51

destroys the economy and is hated. On

11:54

the other hand, there's FDR who promised

11:56

a new deal. There was no clear plan, but

11:58

it wasn't Hoover. So, FDR is going to

12:00

win in a landslide victory. Let's run

12:02

through FDR's administration. Afghar's

12:04

famous brain trust was this diverse

12:06

group of trusted adviserss including

12:08

university professors and I would tie

12:10

this back to the Wisconsin idea. For

12:11

example, the secretary of labor Francis

12:13

Perkins became the first woman in the

12:14

presidential cabinet. The big thing you

12:16

need to know is the New Deal was a

12:17

collective term to describe all of

12:19

Roosevelt's policies. Keep in mind there

12:20

wasn't a clear plan from the very

12:22

beginning. A lot of this was just

12:23

experimentation and people were actually

12:25

happy about that. The new Theo is going

12:27

to focus on the three Rs: relief,

12:29

recovery, and reform. And Roosevelt

12:31

creates so many agencies that historians

12:33

sometimes call them the alphabet soup

12:34

which demonstrates the extent of the New

12:36

Deal. And Roosevelt is also going to

12:37

talk with everyday Americans through the

12:39

fireside chats which provide a

12:40

transparency and makes FDR wildly

12:43

popular. In fact, the 100 days tradition

12:45

to determine presidential effectiveness

12:47

actually starts with FDR where Congress

12:49

passed a lot a lot of laws in the first

12:51

100 days. So we're going to bliss

12:52

through the New Deal policies. The first

12:54

big idea is that FDR is going to work to

12:56

restore American confidence in banks.

12:58

After all, a third of all banks had

12:59

failed by 1933. He's going to declare

13:02

bank holidays and uses his time to

13:04

investigate all the banks and he's going

13:05

to communicate this in the fireside

13:07

chats. The Emergency Banking Relief Act

13:09

is passed which stated that only

13:10

financially stable banks can reopen. And

13:12

in the GlassSteagall Act, Congress

13:13

regulated how deposits can be invested

13:15

and creates the FDIC to ensure deposits.

13:18

Later, the SEC is created which

13:20

regulates the stock market intending to

13:22

curb over speculation. Next,

13:24

unemployment relief. The big idea is

13:26

that FDR will follow Keynesian

13:28

economics. The idea that the government

13:29

must increase federal spending to

13:31

stimulate economic growth. After all,

13:32

there's a 25% unemployment rate and FDR

13:35

sought to address this. The Federal

13:36

Emergency Relief Act is passed giving

13:38

federal money to provide relief services

13:40

like soup kitchens, shelters, and

13:42

others. The CCC is created, which

13:44

employed jobless men on conservation

13:46

projects. The PWA is created giving

13:48

federal money to start public works

13:50

projects to employ people. Additionally,

13:51

the TVA is created which created

13:53

hydroele electricity projects in the

13:55

Tennessee Valley region and controlled

13:57

erosion which provided jobs and

13:58

developed this previously poor region.

14:00

There's also industrial and agricultural

14:02

recovery. The NRA is going to focus on

14:04

industrial recovery establishing fair

14:06

wages and hours for workers to set

14:08

production limits and codes for hours

14:10

and wages. In fact, section 7A of this

14:12

act codified the formation of unions

14:14

banning the use of yellow dog contracts.

14:16

Additionally, the AAA is passed and this

14:19

paid farmers to cut production, curbing

14:20

over production. However, both of these

14:22

acts will be ruled unconstitutional.

14:24

Now, let's cover the second New Deal.

14:26

The first new deal was from FDR's 100

14:28

days all the way up until 1935, and this

14:30

primarily focus on recovery. It saw some

14:32

success, but more was needed. Thus, the

14:34

second New Deal is going to be created,

14:36

focusing on reform and relief. The WPA

14:38

is created, spending billions of dollars

14:40

to create new jobs and infrastructure

14:42

projects. This also employed artists,

14:44

painters, and others. The resettlement

14:46

administration is created which gave

14:48

loans to tenement farmers and

14:49

sharecroers who didn't own the land and

14:51

were thus hurt by the AAA during the

14:53

first new deal. The big one is the

14:55

social security act which creates social

14:57

security establishing federal

14:58

responsibility for welfare. Money is

15:00

going to be taken from employers and

15:02

employees to grant pensions to those 65

15:04

plus, the disabled, mothers with

15:06

dependents, the unemployed, and anyone

15:08

else who needs assistance. This will

15:10

definitely impact future generations and

15:12

is massive because it provides a limited

15:13

welfare state with a safety net. Another

15:15

big one is the Wagner Act, the first

15:17

federal law that protected the right to

15:19

join a union. The National Labor

15:20

Relations Board was created which would

15:22

enforce labor laws and this really

15:23

boosts the labor movement. Now, I know

15:25

I've painted FDR in a very great light

15:27

so far, but keep in mind that there were

15:29

critics of the New Deal. The big idea is

15:31

that while the New Deal did improve the

15:32

economy, the economy was still unstable.

15:35

So, who were the critics? You have

15:37

conservatives who essentially called FDR

15:39

a socialist. They hated how he increased

15:41

federal regulation and spending.

15:42

Liberals on the other hand criticized

15:44

FDR for not doing enough for the

15:46

minorities and the poor. You have people

15:47

like Dr. Francis Townshen who proposed

15:49

that people 60 plus would receive $200 a

15:52

month to spend which would stimulate the

15:53

economy while Huey Long pushed for

15:55

wealth redistribution. Let's go over the

15:57

court hacking controversy as well. FDR

15:59

is going to propose a court packing plan

16:00

in 1937. Recall the AAA and the NRA were

16:03

ruled unconstitutional. And obviously

16:06

FDR doesn't like that and wants to take

16:07

over the Supreme Court. He proposes a

16:09

plan where each judge over 70 would mean

16:11

that FDR could appoint one additional

16:13

judge. And critics, both Democrats and

16:15

Republicans, call this an attack on

16:17

checks and balances, and this bill will

16:18

not be passed. For complexity, this

16:20

sounds awfully similar to the midnight

16:21

judges during the Adams administration.

16:23

Now, the impact of the New Deal. The New

16:25

Deal is going to have a drastic impact

16:27

on American society. For one,

16:28

African-Americans are now going to vote

16:30

Democrat. In fact, the Democrat party

16:32

will now be backed by farmers,

16:33

immigrants, unions, blacks, and women.

16:35

The New Deal also established the

16:37

precedent that the federal government

16:38

was responsible for a safety net for

16:40

society. And this is going to spark a

16:41

debate over the welfare state that

16:42

continues to this day. Another big idea

16:44

is that while the New Deal does not end

16:46

the Great Depression, it will provide

16:47

great relief. Finally, the New Deal does

16:49

not advance gender and racial issues.

16:51

FDR actually does nothing on lynching,

16:53

even though it was a huge issue in the

16:55

South. And this is because he needed

16:56

support from southern congressmen. Now,

16:58

we're going to cover World War II. So,

World War II

17:00

let's run through FDR's foreign policy.

17:02

FDR is going to work to improve foreign

17:04

relations. He formally recognizes the

17:06

Soviet Union, and this is because of a

17:07

growing concern over the growing power

17:08

of Germany and possible trade with the

17:10

USSR. He announces the good neighbor

17:12

policy, which denounced arm intervention

17:14

in Latin America. Many provisions of the

17:15

Plat amendment, for example, are

17:17

actually going to be repealed. There's

17:18

also the reciprocal trade agreement

17:19

where the US would reduce its tariffs if

17:22

others did the same. So, there's going

17:23

to be a lot of stuff that lead up to

17:25

World War II that I will not cover for

17:27

time. Here are some terms in no order

17:29

that you hopefully will remember. The

17:31

most notable here is going to be the

17:32

rise of

17:43

totalitarianism. Just know that the US

17:45

is going to remain neutral during all of

17:47

this. Now, let's cover US neutrality.

17:49

This is really similar to World War I.

17:50

The big idea is that the US is going to

17:52

be neutral during World War II, but

17:54

slowly get involved. The night

17:55

commission is going to be created to

17:56

find out the causes for US entry into

17:58

the war. And the general finding was

18:00

that the greed of bankers and the arms

18:02

industry caused US entry into World War

18:04

I. This combined with American public

18:06

sentiment of disillusionment by World

18:07

War I means that America is going to

18:09

stay neutral. Congress passes the

18:11

neutrality acts as a threat of war looms

18:13

in Europe and in Asia. And these are

18:14

going to do a lot of things. For

18:15

example, there were to be no American

18:17

citizens on belligerent ships, no sale

18:19

of arms to countries at war, and no

18:21

loans to nations at war. And note that

18:23

the US cannot help a country even if it

18:25

was attacked first. The US is slowly

18:27

going to get involved. The catch and

18:29

carry program is going to be established

18:31

which allowed countries to buy arms with

18:32

cash and transport the arms themselves.

18:34

Most countries however cannot take

18:36

advantage of this because they literally

18:37

have no cash. The selective training and

18:39

service act is going to create a peace

18:41

time draft. And note that during this

18:42

time Germany is going to begin bombing

18:44

England and there's a controversy to

18:46

decide if it should help them or not.

18:47

The committee to defend America

18:48

advocated for the US to help England and

18:50

the allies while the America first

18:52

committee wanted no US involvement at

18:54

all. The destroyers for bases program

18:55

will also be started. US destroyers are

18:58

going to be given to England in exchange

18:59

for military bases in the Western

19:00

Hemisphere. Again, we are involving

19:03

ourselves by giving arms to England. FDR

19:05

is also going to win a third term

19:07

breaking the precedent. The big one

19:08

though is going to be the Len Lease Act

19:10

which allowed US ships to ship arms on

19:12

credit to countries that needed it.

19:13

These countries would return the weapons

19:15

after the war, but it was understood

19:16

that that would never happen. This is an

19:18

economic declaration of war. We're

19:20

involved now. And the Great Depression

19:22

is going to end as America's factories

19:23

start turnurning out weapons. The Allied

19:25

Conway system is established where the

19:27

US is going to escort weapon and supply

19:28

shipments and had orders to fire on site

19:31

at German ships. The Atlantic conference

19:33

is held where FDR and Churchill meet

19:34

secretly and establish the Atlantic

19:36

Charter, which outline post-war goals.

19:38

They want a world with

19:39

self-determination, free trade, no

19:41

territorial gains, a new peacekeeping

19:43

body, and others. So, the US is finally

19:45

going to enter the war because of Japan.

19:47

Japan is going to invade China, and FDR

19:49

is going to order an embargo on steel

19:51

and iron. Japan keeps on invading other

19:53

countries, and in response, FDR is going

19:55

to put an oil embargo as well. This

19:56

hurts Japan because the US is actually

19:58

the biggest exporter of oil at this

20:00

time, and the Japanese enter

20:01

negotiations with the US. However, the

20:03

Japanese will make a surprise attack on

20:05

Pearl Harbor, prompting the US to join

20:07

the war. Now, we're going to cover some

20:08

big trends in World War II. The first

20:10

big idea is that the role of the federal

20:11

government is going to greatly increase

20:13

as a result of World War II, much more

20:15

than World War I or even the New Deal.

20:17

And the US is going to enter total war,

20:19

revamping its economy and society to

20:21

fight. And this is going to cause a

20:22

great depression to end. Again, our

20:24

first big idea is that the role of the

20:26

federal government will greatly increase

20:27

as a result of World War II. We see this

20:29

with the War Productions Board that

20:31

controlled and dictated industrial

20:32

output. Know that America's industry

20:34

will is going to be key to the Allied

20:36

victory. The National War Labor Board

20:38

comes back which mediate strikes and

20:39

labor disputes. The Office of Price

20:41

Administration is going to control

20:42

prices and rations. The Office of

20:44

Research Development is going to develop

20:46

technology to make weapons like radar,

20:48

sonar, and rockets. The Manhattan

20:50

Project is going to be started to create

20:51

nuclear bombs, and it's going to be led

20:53

by Oenheimer. Next, World War II's

20:55

impact on society. The big idea is that

20:58

World War II is going to have a massive

20:59

social impact, especially for

21:01

minorities. For example,

21:02

African-Americans will receive many new

21:04

opportunities, but still face

21:05

discrimination. We see the second great

21:07

migration where over 1 million blacks

21:09

leave the South to seek jobs in the

21:11

defense industries, and they're still

21:12

going to face a lot of discrimination. A

21:14

Philip Randolph is going to threaten a

21:15

march on Washington if workplace

21:17

discrimination is not addressed. And

21:19

because of this, FDR is forced to ban

21:21

discrimination in the defense industry

21:22

with executive order AAO2. We also see

21:25

something called the double victory

21:26

campaign where civil rights leaders push

21:28

to win the fight against fascism abroad

21:30

and to win the fight against racism at

21:32

home. The NAACP membership increases and

21:35

the Congress of racial equality is going

21:36

to be established to fight

21:37

discrimination. However, not everything

21:39

was good though. We're going to see the

21:40

race riots of 1943. And even though 1

21:43

million African-Americans serve, they

21:45

serve in segregated units like the Tusky

21:47

Airmen. And I would compare this to the

21:50

Massachusetts 54th Regiment from the

21:52

Civil War. Mexican-Americans and natives

21:54

were also impacted. The defense industry

21:56

labor demand is going to give

21:57

opportunities to thousands of

21:58

Mexican-Americans. In fact, we also see

22:00

the Brero program established. This

22:02

allowed Mexican migrant farm workers to

22:04

you work in the US without formal

22:05

immigration proceedings because of the

22:07

shortage of labor in agriculture. There

22:09

obviously will be nivist backlash like

22:11

in the zoot suit riots where racial

22:12

tensions between white soldiers and

22:14

Mexicans caused violence. Native

22:15

Americans also get opportunities in the

22:17

defense industry as well. We see the

22:19

Navajo code talkers who play a key role

22:21

in coding communication in the Pacific

22:23

theater of the war. Also note that many

22:24

Native Americans are not going to return

22:26

to reservation life after the war. Women

22:28

are also going to play a critical role

22:29

in World War II. 5 million women are

22:31

going to enter the workforce. And for

22:33

many, this is their first job. Over

22:35

200,000 are going to serve in non-combat

22:37

roles like we see in the Women Army

22:38

Corps. And really, the importance of

22:40

women and the new opportunities that

22:41

they get can be symbolized by Rosie the

22:43

River. Despite this though, women are

22:45

going to receive lower pay and were seen

22:47

as temporary substitutes, not permanent

22:48

replacements. Generally speaking,

22:50

there's also going to be demographic

22:51

changes after the war across the board.

22:53

Many are going to move to the West in

22:54

the Sunb Belt seeking defense work. More

22:56

on that though next unit. Now, Japanese

22:58

Americans. The big idea is that Japanese

23:00

Americans were denied civil liberties

23:02

and heavily discriminated against during

23:04

the war. For example, executive order

23:06

9066 forced all Japanese Americans in

23:08

the West Coast to be put in interament

23:10

camps, even if they were American

23:12

citizens who were born and raised in the

23:14

US. And this removed 100,000 Japanese

23:17

Americans. Surprisingly, Hawaii's

23:19

massive Japanese population is not

23:21

removed because they were too important

23:22

to the economy. And then in Koramatsu

23:24

versus the United States, the Supreme

23:26

Court will unfortunately back the force

23:28

removal for national security reasons.

23:30

And for complexity, we see time and time

23:33

again how civil liberties are reduced

23:35

like in Shank versus the United States

23:36

or the passage of the Sedition Act or

23:38

even Lincoln's suspension of habius

23:40

corpus. Despite this though, Japanese

23:42

American soldiers, many of whom families

23:44

were stuck in these camps, will still

23:46

fight bravely like the 100th Infantry

23:48

Battalion, a part of the 442nd

23:50

Regimental Combat Team, which was a

23:52

segregated Japanese American attachment.

23:54

They are a heavily decorated group and

23:56

fought very valiantly. I'm going to run

23:58

through the trajectory of the war. You

23:59

don't need to know this. This is just

24:01

here for

24:03

reference. What you should know is that

24:06

the tension between the United States

24:07

and the USSR will start developing in

24:09

the conferences between the big three.

24:11

And we're going to run through all three

24:12

of these conferences. The Kazablanca

24:14

conference was only between the US and

24:15

England. They want the unconditional

24:17

surrender of the Axis powers. I want to

24:19

see tension because they decided to

24:20

invade Italy first, which was bad for

24:22

the Soviets because Stalin wanted to

24:23

open a second front to take the load off

24:25

the Soviet army. At Tran, we're going to

24:27

see the big three meet. last for a

24:28

second front are decided and they

24:29

discuss the fate of Eastern Europe and

24:31

we see tension again because Stalin

24:33

wants to divide Germany up while the

24:35

United States and England want free

24:36

trade with Germany. The big one is going

24:37

to be the Yelta conference. This divides

24:39

Germany but promise free elections in

24:41

Eastern Europe. The Soviets also agreed

24:43

to help out with the Pacific theater and

24:45

the UN is created. Now the Pacific

24:47

theater, the big idea is the US is going

24:49

to be largely responsible for fighting

24:51

the Pacific theater. Their main strategy

24:52

was island hopping which is exactly what

24:54

it sounds like. At Potam, Truman and

24:56

Stalin are going to warn Japan to

24:58

surrender unconditionally or be

25:00

destroyed. Literally at the conference,

25:01

Truman gets word that the bomb is

25:03

successful. And on August 6th, the first

25:05

atomic bomb is going to be dropped on

25:06

Hiroshima. The USSR is going to join the

25:08

war against Japan on the 8th. And then

25:10

on the 9th, the second bomb is going to

25:12

be dropped on Nagasaki. After the second

25:14

bomb, Japan surrenders, ending World War

25:16

II. And after World War II, the United

25:18

States is going to be the dominant

25:19

political and military country in the

25:21

world. That is all for Apush Unit 8

25:23

review. If you found this video helpful,

25:24

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