Greek Architecture and the Era of Alexander the Great

Overview of Greek Temple Architecture

The discussion begins with an examination of a specific site facing a parking area, highlighting architectural features such as a porch and a small cellar, identifying it as the entrance. The temple in question is noted to be somewhat atypical of traditional Greek styles, as these usually feature porches on the sides. It is emphasized that all Greek temples are associated with a tree, a common motif in ancient architecture.

Columns in Greek Architecture

Introduction of the Ionic Column

In the context of the temple architecture at Erythium, the introduction of a new column type called the ionic column is discussed along with the earlier mentioned doric column. A key characteristic of the ionic column is its capital, which is identifiable by its scroll-like design that resembles an unrolling scroll.

Comparison with Doric Columns

Several distinguishing features between ionic and doric columns are articulated:

  1. Slenderness: The ionic column is notably more slender compared to the doric column.

  2. Base: The ionic column sits on a base, whereas the doric column does not.

  3. Capital: The capital of the ionic column is smaller compared to that of the doric column, which retains roots.

  4. Entablature: The entablature above the ionic column is smaller than the doric, and it lacks the metope and triglyph traditionally found in doric temples. Instead, there is a blank frieze that in later examples becomes more elaborate with various motifs.

The evolution of these architectural styles reflects the Greeks' transition from wooden temples to stone structures, indicating that earlier architectural features were gradually phased out over time.

Historical Context: The Classical Period

The narrative transitions to the historical context surrounding Alexander the Great, who plays a crucial role in the classical period of Greek history. He is introduced as the son of Philip, the king of Macedonia. His rapid rise to power at a young age, followed by his education under Aristotle, is narrated.

Conquests of Alexander the Great

  • Age of Ascendancy: Alexander becomes king at the age of 20 after his father’s assassination and embarks on military campaigns aimed primarily at defeating the Persians, a goal his father could not achieve.

  • Territorial Expansion: The territories conquered by Alexander are illustrated, indicating that he spent approximately 16 years in campaigns without returning to Macedonia

  • Death and Legacy: Alexander dies in Babylon due to a short illness, having expanded his empire significantly but halted sooner than anticipated because of his troops' fatigue. A notable anecdote includes the naming of a town in India (or Pakistan) after his horse.

  • Division of Empire: Following his death, Alexander's vast territories were divided among his generals, leading to fragmentation as they engaged in conflict over control. The Ptolemies are highlighted as a prominent family resulting from this division.

Alexandria: Foundation and Influence

Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt, commissioning the architect Dinocrates from Rhodes to design it. The city is noted for its strategic urban planning, exemplifying the Greek ideal of city organization and later influencing Roman designs. A famed lighthouse and library originally existed in Alexandria, although much of it is no longer standing.

Greek Historical Eras Overview

The transcript recaps the various historical periods of Greece:

  1. Mycenaean Era: The original inhabitants of the Greek Peninsula.

  2. Archaic Period: Marked by the arrival of the Ionians and Dorians and the development of early cultural and artistic forms.

  3. Classical Period: Associated with the life and conquests of Alexander the Great.

  4. Hellenistic Period: Initiating with Alexander's death, characterized by a flourishing of arts and architecture and a blending of cultures.

It is critical to point out that while the term "Greek" is derived from Latin, the people referred to themselves as Hellenes. The cultural expansion resulted in an ethnically diverse population under this identity, including Egyptians, Jews, Arabs, and others, all collectively considered Hellenes due to the influences of Alexander's conquests.

Development of Hellenistic City-States

The emergence of city-states during the Hellenistic period is emphasized, particularly how Alexander’s conquests allowed for urban planning principles to flourish. The Hellenistic city is framed as a public work of art, with significant emphasis placed on public architecture, including temples.