Full set study guide
‘Week 1
Lifeway - a term to refer to how people make a living and for what that means in their culture
Hunting & gathering ( & finishing) - men hunting and women and children gathering.
Ethnographic analogy- Apple is to orange as to cat is with dog, modern gathers living is the same as how ancient hunting gatherers lived
Bands- is the social organization that hunter and gathers used
Upper paleolithic- ( last stone age) domesticated of dogs, rapid innovation of technology, expansion of behaviorally modern humans, 100,000-12,000B.P
Pleistocene - know as the ice age, evolution of early humans, first step to domestication, hunting and cooperation, domestication and adaptive
Broad spectrum revolution- after the upper paleolithic changes, humans began changing diet from large game to a more diverse diet, smaller animals, fish. Change the environment to adaptation.
Behaviorally modern humans - modern humans Homo sapiens, symbolic thought and are, language and communication, advance tools ( with bone, antler, ivory for hunting fishing) social organization, culture transmission
Week 2
Domestication- involves adaptation of animals and plants for human use,
Artificial selection- when humans intentionally breed plants or animals to encourage specific trains, us humans make selective choices instead of nature.
Genetic modification- process of alternating DNA of an organism to change or enhance its traits. Manipulating genetic material ( genes)
Neolithic revolution- AKA artificial revelation, significant technological and cultural changes, transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and animal domestication.
Oasis theory - the hypothesis that domestication occurs in areas of resources scarcity
Self-domestication hypothesis- the hypothesis that animals domesticated themessl by seeking proximity to humans.
Domestication syndrome - the set of physical, behavioral and physiological traits commonly observed in domesticated animals compared to wild animals. ( traits)
Niche construction theory - theory that suggest organism can activity modify their environment, create new niches and influences their own evolution through positive or negative geed back
Risk mitigation - refer to the strategies taken to reduce or manage impact potential risk. Risk management.
Week 3
Multiple lines of evidence - ( systematic approach to causal inference.) Just because two things are related doesn’t mean it caused it.
Neoteny - is the biology phenomenon in which an organism retains or immature traits into adulthood.
Commensal scavenger hypothesis - say that wolves scavenged near human campsites. Humans tolerated wolves due to their utility in alerting against danger.
Cross species adoption ( or Pet keeping hypotheses) - a theory that certain species may exhibit behavior of adopting and caring for young of different species.
Sagittal crest- is the bony ridge located along the top of the skull, specifically running from the forehead to the back of the head
Commensalism - a relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits from the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Week 4
Comensual pathway- is the biological and ecological process through which organisms interact with one another during a commensalism relationship.
Red jungle fowl- is a wild bird species that is considered the primary ancestry of the domestic chicken. Native to south and southeast asia.
Canalization - the genetic capacity of a species to produce the same phenotype despite variability in the environment or genetics.
Cyprus cat burial- is the archaeological discovery made in Cyprus that remains of a cat were found buried alongside a human in a grave dating back. Known as cat domestication.
Week 5
Neolithic package - is the set of interconnected technological, social and economic changes that characterized the neolithic period.
Deferral of Harvest desert “kites”- is ancient hunting structures found in various arid regions, particular in the midwest. Long stone walls that converge at the narrow end forming a kite-like shape.
Path dependency - is the concept of use in various fields, describes how the decisions and outcomes of a system at one point in time influence and limit the option availability in the future.
Positive feedback- is the process in which an initial change or stimulus is amplified or enhances by its effect, leading to future increase in that change.
Agropastral system- is agricultural approach that combines both crops and cultivated and life stock rasing, within the same system.
Secondary domestication- is the process by which species that have already been domesticated in one region or context are later independently domesticated in a different location or context.
Week 6
Catalhoyuk- is a know site in present turkey is the place of proto-city settlement that dates back to 7100 BCE, ( early evidence of Bos Taurus domestication)
Ganj Dareh- goats domestication, highlands iran, managed goats herd , selective harvesting of young males and prolonged survivorships of females.
Jericho- in one of the oldest city next to the jordan river, archaeological evidence for butchery mark,
Primary products- produces such as meat, fat, and hides,
Secondary products- produced explorations such as ( milk, wool production )
Artiodactyl- are a group of even toed ungulates, meaning animals that bear weight equally on two of the five toes. ( cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, camels)
Aurochs - was a large wild species of cattle that roamed across europe, asia, and north africa. Played a big role in domestication of cattle species by early human societies.
Week 7
Sus Scrofa - scientific name for wild boar and domestic pigs
mtDNA- Mitochondrial DNA , used for tracing genetic lineages
Landrace- a domesticated species adapted to its local environment often through natural selection.
Hybridization- the process of interbreeding between different species or variation.
PERVs- porcine endogenous retroviruses,a type of genetic element from viral infection.
Agent Based Modeling- computational modeling technique usd to simulate the interactions of autonomous agents ( individuals, groups or entities)
Netlogo - open source environment that allows users to build, explore,and simulate models of complex systems.
Models- are simplified representations of systems, processes or objects that help us understand, explain, predict, or simulate real world phenomena.
Cycling- Both a popular recreation activity and model of transportation, and it can also be a competitive
Stochasticity- continual flipping between two or more equilibria
Equilibrium / Dynamic equilibrium- A state of basic balance in the system being modeled
Predator- prey models- mathematical framework used to describe the interaction between predators and their prey in an ecosystem.
Week 11 Set 1
Biodiversity: The variety of life across genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
Feralization: Process by which domesticated animals revert to a wild state.
Genetic Introgression: Gene flow from one species/population to another.
Anthropogenic: Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
Nitrogen Surplus: Excess nitrogen remaining after plant/animal consumption.
Eutrophication: Nutrient overload in water bodies leading to overgrowth of algae.
Albedo effect: The reflectivity of the Earth's surface affecting climate.
Page one of study guide
Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) - arctic and sub-Arctic ungluated spice
Caribou - Caribou refers to a species of deer found in the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, including Canada and Alaska, typically refers to the wild populations
sami-Indigenous people of north western Eurasia
Mobil pastoralism - a herding strategy involving seasonal migration with herds
Stable isotope Analysis - A technique to understand ancient diet and animals management
Taiga- biome characterized by vast, cold, coniferous forests. It is the world's largest terrestrial biome, stretching across the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. The taiga is also known as the boreal forest.
Monocentric Hypothesis of reindeer domestication - domesticated from a single, central population or region, rather than multiple independent domestication events. According to this hypothesis, domestication of reindeer happened primarily in the region surrounding the Ural Mountains, in what is now Siberia and parts of northern Europe
Polycentric hypothesis of reindeer domestication- which proposes that reindeer were domesticated in multiple areas independently, without a single central point of origin.
Pitfall trap- capture device used in ecological and biological research to study animals, particularly insects, amphibians, and small mammals. It consists of a container, typically a bucket or jar, that is buried in the ground with its rim level with the surface.
Cervidae - scientific family name for a group of mammals commonly known as deer. This family includes species such as moose, elk, reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, and many others
Antlers- bony, branched structures that grow on the heads of members of the Cervidae famil
Machiavellian intelligence- refers to the ability of an individual, often used in the context of social animals or humans, to manipulate and deceive others for personal gain or strategic advantage.
Prosocial behavior : Cooperation, reduced aggression, social tolerance
General impacts of livestock on native species -ways in which domesticated animals like cattle, sheep, goats, and other livestock affect native wildlife, ecosystems, and biodiversity. These impacts can be both direct and indirect, and they are influenced by factors such as the number of livestock, the type of habitat, and the management practices used.
Invisibility- generally refers to the state of being unseen or unnoticed, either physically or metaphorically. It can apply to different contexts, including social, psychological, or physical invisibility
Oleo- technical meaning related to the discipline itself. However, it could appear in the context of food studies, material culture, or the history of nutrition, particularly when examining the use of oleomargarine
Industrial production - process of manufacturing goods in large quantities using machines, tools, and labor.
Disembodied meat- eat that is no longer connected to its original source, typically the animal from which it was derived
Assembly line/ unskilled labor- type of labor in industrial production where workers perform repetitive tasks as part of a larger manufacturing process, typically in a highly structured, specialized role.
Hygiene and sanitation- efer to practices and conditions that help maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases by ensuring cleanliness in living environments, food handling, and personal habit- refers to a regular or repeated behavior or practice that an individual engages in, often without conscious thought. These habits can be related to personal hygiene, routines, health, or other daily activities.
Homebush state abattoir- refers to a historical site in Australia that has been studied in relation to meat production, industrialization, and the social and cultural aspects of slaughterhouses.
Slaughtering Machine ( rolling tracks)- re part of an assembly-line style setup where animals are moved through different stages of the slaughtering process.
Ecological cost- refers to the environmental and ecological impacts that result from human activities, especially those related to resource extraction, land use, and industrial development.
Toxoplasma gondii- most common parasites in the world and can infect most warm-blooded animals, including humans. Involving cats
Exotic pet trade- e buying, selling, and breeding of non-native animals as pets. These animals, often called "exotic pets," are typically species that are not found in the local ecosystem but are imported from other regions of the world.
Global patterns in pet keeping - refers to the varying practices, trends, and cultural norms surrounding the ownership and care of pets across different regions and societies around the world. These patterns can be shaped by factors such as cultural beliefs, economic conditions, environmental influences, and historical traditions
Humanization of pets- rowing trend of treating pets as if they were members of the human family, with similar rights, care, and consideration.
Ethical pet keeping - refers to the responsible and compassionate approach to owning and caring for pets, with an emphasis on ensuring their well-being, meeting their physical and emotional needs, and respecting their natural behaviors.
Feral cat hunting, pros and cons. - controlling or reducing the population of feral cats by hunting or trapping them, often as part of efforts to manage the negative impacts that feral cat populations can have on local ecosystems and human communities
Set 2
Ain Mallaha : an archaeological site with significance to early humans settlements
Natufian cultures: Prehistoric cultures in the Levant, making shift to sedentism
Sedentism: The practice of living in one place for along period of ime
Geometric morphometrics: The statistical method for analyzing and comparing the share of the structures
Sympatry : The occurrence of two species in the same geographic area
Anthropogenic : resulting form the influence of humans being on nature
Niche: The role of functions of an organism or specie with ecosystem
Humanized mice: Mice that have been genetically altered to express human genes or humans ike traits
Grimace scales: A method for assessing pain in animals based on facial expression
3R - Replace , reduce and refine
Sentence: the capacity to feel,perceived or experience subjectively
Ahimsa: Doctrine of non- violacne toward all living beings
Specialisms: Discrimination against non - humans species
Vivisection: surgery conducted on living animals for research
Anthropocentrism: belief that humans are the central or most significant species
Domestication : The process by which humans control the reproduction and behavior of animals
C4 PLant : plants , such as maize, that use a specific photosynthesis pathway, evident in isotopic signatures. plants that utilized an alternative carbon fixation pathway like maiz, often fed to coastal camelids
Isotopic Analysis - A method to determine diet and movement using chemicals signatures in bone
Pueblo 111: Ancestral Puebloans lived in large cliff-dwelling, multi-storied pueblo, or cliff-side talus house communities.
By the end of the period, a region-wide drought led to the mass migration south into larger, centralized pueblos in central and southern Arizona and New Mexico.
Maize foddering: refers to the use of maize (corn) plants as fodder, or feed, for domesticated animals. This practice highlights the dual utility of maize as both a human food source and a resource for sustaining livestock.
Uses for carbon isotopes : refers to the various ways that isotopes of carbon, such as carbon-12 (C-12), carbon-13 (C-13), and carbon-14 (C-14), are employed in scientific research, industry, and environmental studies.
Meleagris Gallopavo : refers to the scientific name for the wild turkey, a bird native to North America. It belongs to the family Phasianidae and is closely related to pheasants and other game birds.
El mirador : the Maya lowlands (300 BCE–100 CE) reveal Meleagris gallopavo remains outside their natural range.Turkeys found in contexts associated with ceremonial architecture suggest they were valuable trade goods, not just subsistence items.
Camelids : A family of a animals including llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas
Directed pathway of domestication
LLamas : Domesticated, tall 1.6 M, features long legs and curved ears, used for provide mean and wool
Alpaca : Domesticated , high andes, 0.9 M features short , pointed ears, Used soft wook, low fat met
Guanaco : Wild, sea level to hgith mountains, 1.2 M, features reddish- brown fur, small ears, gray or black faces, used fur studies for adapbility
Vicuna : Wild,protected reserves in the andes, 0.96M , features small slender fine wool, use for finest woll in the world
Puna : high-altitude grassland of the Andes, a key habitat for camelids
C3 Plants : plants that use the calvin cycle for carbon fixation such as grassesand forbs, typically consumed by highland camelids.
Osteometry: the measurement of bones, used to differentiate wild from domesticated animals
Vericality: an andean economic system that relies on ecological diversity across different altitudes