Verbal Practice Exam Questions

1. Name the basic units in compact bone tissue:

   1. Haversian system

   2. Osteon

2. Which disease in children is characterized by soft and swollen bones?

   1. Rickets

3. Which molecule in the cartilage matrix gives it a resilient nature?

   1. Proteoglycans

4. What chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for absorption of calcium in the intestines?

   1. Vitamin D

5. The most common bone disease is osteoporosis, what is the most common symptom?

   1. Frequent fractures

6. Which cell type is responsible for the breakdown of the bone matrix?

   1. Osteoclasts

7. What is the primary mineral in bone?

   1. Calcium

8. Your Patient is admitted to the hospital with stenosis of the foramen magnum, what is affected?

   1. Spinal cord

9. Which disease in adults is characterized by soft bones, etc.?

   1. Osteomalacia 

10. Where is the lambdoidal suture located?

    1. Between the Occipital & Parietal bones

11. Which type of bone cells combines collagen and hydroxyapatite to make the extracellular bone matrix?

    1. Osteoblasts

12. What is bone inflammation that is associated with bacterial infection?

    1. Osteomyelitis 

13. What structure attaches bone to bone?

    1. Ligaments

14. What bone cells lay down bone matrix?

    1. Osteoblasts

15. Which cell type is responsible for maintaining bone once it's formed?

    1. Osteocytes

16. What is the common name for patella?

    1. Kneecap

17. Your Patient is involved in a car accident, they were rear ended, hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae occurred, what is this injury called?

    1. Whiplash (Cervical Acceleration Deceleration)

18. What is the pointed end of the elbow called anatomically? 

    1. Olecranon process

19. What do we call the junction of the two pubic bones?

    1. Pubic symphysis 

20. Your patient is diagnosed with a pituitary tumor located on what bone and what structure of that bone?

    1. Sphenoid bone, Sella turcica

21. Name the upper jawbone that contains teeth, etc.?

    1. Maxilla 

22. What do we call an abnormal forced extension beyond the normal range?

    1. Hyperextension

23. What structure provides smooth surfaces where bones meet?

    1. Articular cartilage / Surface

24. What structure provides a fluid filled cushion that reduces friction?

    1. Bursa

25. What structure of bone is held together by ligaments that move?

    1. Syndesmosis

26. What do we call the locations where ossification begins?

    1. Ossification center

27. How would you interpret an x-ray that shows black/dark area/region at the epiphyseal plate?

    1. The plate has not yet ossified

28. What term do we use when bones following fracture adjust to stress, grow and make fractures heal properly?

    1. Bone remodeling 

29. What is the proper sequence of events in bone repair?

    1. Hematoma

    2. Soft cartilage

    3. Hard ossification

    4. Remodeling

30. What does yellow bone marrow store?

    1. Adipose/Fat storage/Lipids

31. X-ray determines patient fractured shaft of humerus; break is on what part of bone?

    1. Diaphysis fracture

32. Which kind of bone tissue contains trabeculae?

    1. Spongy / Cancellous bone

33. Which kind of bone is organized into thin sheets of tissue?

    1. Lamellar bone/Compact bone

34. What determines the strength of bone?

    1. Hydroxyapatite to collagen and proteoglycan mix/ratio or proportions of them in balance

35. Which disease is caused by abnormally formed collagen?

    1. Osteogenesis imperfecta

36. The compression of weight of the bone matrix is due to the presence of what substances?

    1. Hydroxyapatite 

37. What do we call the connective tissue sheath that is around cartilage?

    1. Perichondrium

38. What results from damage to annulus fibrosus and the release of the nucleus pulposus? 

    1. Herniated disc

39. In what way are thumbs and the big toe similar?

    1. They contain two Phalanges, Proximal and Distal

40. Name the condition that is a result of the failure of vertebral lamellae to fuse?

    1. Spina Bifida 

41. Which portion of the vertebral column is located in the neck?

    1. Cervical vertebrae or Cervical spine

42. What structure helps keep the head erect?

    1. Ligamentum nuchae

43. What is the most common type of arthritis?

    1. Osteoarthritis 

44. Rotating the forearm with the palm facing posteriorly is called?

    1. Pronation

45. What do we call the ligament that attaches to the head of the femur at the fovea capita?

    1. Ligamentum teres

46. Which substance is responsible for lubricating properties of synovial fluid?

    1. Hyaluronic acid

47. The joint between teeth and mandible is an example of?

    1. Gomphosis

48. Bowing head is an example of which movement?

    1. Flexion

49. If you try to reach an object on top of the shelf, what position would your feet be in?

    1. Plantar flexion 

50. Which bones are formed from fibrous connective tissue?

    1. Flat bones of skull via intramembranous ossification

51. Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air filled spaces. What are these spaces called?

    1. Sinuses

52. Bone fractures into two fragments that do not separate, what is this type of fracture?

    1. Hairline fracture

53. Which collagen fibers help connect ligaments and tendons to the bone from the periosteum?

    1. Perforating or Sharpey's fibers

54. Patient is diagnosed with a fracture to the Dens or Odontoid process, named the bone that was fractured.

    1. C2 axis

55. In which type of growth of cartilage do new chondrocytes add new bone matrix and widen the tissue? 

    1. Appositional growth

56. A person fractures their mandible, what is fractured?

    1. Lower jawbone

57. If a tumor is discovered at the posterior orbit, what would likely be impacted?

    1. Vision 

58. Where is the sagittal suture located?

    1. Between the parietal bones

59. Which part of the skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles?

    1. Appendicular skeleton

60. What bone is affected when a patient is hit on the back of the head?

    1. Occipital bone

61. A patient is in a skiing accident, they injure the lateral side of the ankle joint. What is crushed?

    1. Distal fibula 

62. Name the first cervical vertebrae:

    1. Atlas C1

63. What term do we use for abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?

    1. Scoliosis

64. Exaggerated thoracic curvature?

    1. Kyphosis

65. Exaggerated lumbar curvature?

    1. Lordosis

66. What cranial bone forms cranial ridges and roof of orbits?

    1. Frontal bone

67. What other name do we have for Coxal bone?

    1. Hip bone

68. Your Patient is an active runner who is experiencing pain in their greater trochanter, where is it located?

    1. Proximal Lateral Femur

69. Lateral malleolus is located on what bone?

    1. Distal fibula 

70. Common name for sternum?

    1. Breastbone

71. Ribs articulate with what vertebrae?

    1. Thoracic vertebrae

72. Portion of coxal bone a person sits on?

    1. Ischial tuberosity

73. Group of vertebrae that have a long thin spinous process.

    1. Thoracic vertebrae

74. What is the condition in which the palatine process of maxilla fails to fuse properly?

    1. Cleft palate

75. Where is the lambdoidal suture located?

    1. Between the occipital and parietal bones

76. What is a foramen for?

    1. Passageway for blood vessels and nerves

77. Where do you find the cruciate ligaments?

    1. In the knee joint

78. What is the opposite of plantar flexion?

    1. Dorsiflexion

79. What type of joint is the knee joint?

    1. Complex ellipsoid

80. Cubital or elbow joint is what kind of joint?

    1. Hinge joint

81. Most joints in the appendicular skeleton are what type of joint?

    1. Synovial joints

82. Sequence of events / process of growth at the epiphyseal plates?

    1. Proliferation

    2. Hypertrophy

    3. Calcification

    4. Cell death

    5. Ossification 

    6. Remodeling

83. Normal bone growth 

    1. Vitamin D

    2. Calcium

    3. Phosphate 

    Protein forms collagen ….

1. What do we call the end of a long bone?

   1. Epiphysis

2. Site of longitudinal bone growth that occurs in long bone?

   1. Epiphyseal plate

3. What does red bone marrow do?

   1. Make RBC

4. What kind of lamellae are found in long bones?

   1. Concentric

5. Outer surface of the long bone is covered by?

   1. Periosteum

6. Small channels/ bone channels that connect neighboring osteocytes?

   1. Canaliculi

7. Bone cell type that lies in lacunae…?

   1. Osteocytes

8. Shoulder blade is also named what?

   1. Scapula

9. Name the connective tissue connecting muscle to bone?

   1. Tendons