BIOLOGY LONG QUIZ

W H AT IS B I O L O G Y ?

Biology is the natural science discipline that

studies living things.

The word biology comes from the greek

language: "bios" means life and "logos" means

study. It could be defined as the science of life

and living organisms.

Biologists study humans, plants, animals, and

their environments. They research, identify,

classify and study the different living organisms

and their ecosystems.

Biology covers diverse fields of study, such as

botany, ecology, marine biology and microbiology.

BIOLOGICAL TIMELINE

History of Biology

William Harvey (1578–1637)

Date: 1616

• English physician whose discovery was about the circulation of the blood in the human body.

Robert Hooke (1635–1703)

Date: 1665

• Scientist who was the first to invent the compound lens, which was used in the first microscope to examine small living organisms.

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)

Date: 1750

• Swedish biologist who proposed a system for classifying living organisms, which is still used today.

Edward Jenner (1749–1823)

Date: 1796

• English physician who discovered inoculation (vaccination) to prevent people from catching the fatal smallpox disease.

BIOLOGICAL TIMELINE

Robert Brown (1773–1858)

Date: 1827

• British botanist who first identified the random movement of particles suspended in a liquid or gas (Brownian motion).

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

Date: 1859

• British naturalist whose Theory of Evolution states that present-day species evolved from simpler species that lived earlier in time.

Joseph Lister (1827–1912)

Date: 1865

• Scottish surgeon who was the first to use antiseptic treatment during surgery.

Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)

Date: 1866

• Austrian monk who formulated the two laws of heredity (genetics).

BIOLOGICAL TIMELINE

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

Date: 1875

• French microbiologist who showed that microbes (such as bacteria) are responsible for infectious diseases.

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

Date: 1882

• German bacteriologist who first isolated the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB).

Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)

Date: 1928

• Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin mold, which was found to kill bacteria.

Howard Florey (1898–1968)

Date: 1938

• Isolated the substance produced by the penicillin mold 10 years after Fleming’s discovery. Penicillin became the first antibiotic.

Francis Crick (1916–2004)

Date: 1953

• English biochemist who, together with James Watson, discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. They shared the 1962 Nobel Prize.

Barbara McClintock (1902–1992)

Date: 1983

• American biologist who studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction (meiosis). She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983.

BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODERN WORLD

1. Streptomyces griseus

Contribution: Streptomycin

• A soil bacterium that produces streptomycin.

• Streptomycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis (TB).

Keyword: Antibiotic

2. Aequorea victoria

Contribution: Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

• A jellyfish that naturally glows green.

• Scientists discovered Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from it.

• GFP allows scientists to observe living cells without harming them (non-invasive observation).

Keyword: Glowing cells

3. Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew Tree)

Contribution: Taxol (Paclitaxel)

• A tree that produces Taxol.

• Taxol is an anti-cancer drug used to treat different types of cancer.

• It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing.

Keyword: Cancer medicine

4. Brazilian Arrowhead Viper

Contribution: ACE Inhibitors (Captopril)

• The snake’s venom helped scientists develop ACE inhibitors, such as Captopril.

• These medicines are used to lower high blood pressure (hypertension) and help protect the heart.

Keyword: High blood pressure medicine

5. Dasypus novemcinctus (Nine-banded Armadillo)

Contribution: Embryology Research

• Gives birth to four genetically identical offspring.

• Used to study embryonic development, cell division (cleavage), and some human diseases.

Keyword: Embryo development

6. White Willow Tree

Contribution: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)

• The bark of the white willow tree contains compounds that led to the development of aspirin.

• Aspirin helps relieve pain, reduce fever, and reduce inflammation.

Keyword: Pain reliever

B I O L O G Y L

Biology is the branch of science that studies living organisms

a n d life processes.

a s t e

Main Branches o f Biology

D B o t a n y - Study of plants

- Includes plant structure, growth, nutrition, and reproduction

Z o o l o g y - Study of a n i m a l s

- Covers animal behavior, classification, and physiology

3 M i c r o b i o l o g y - Study of microscopic organisms

- Examples: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa N C E

Specialized Branches of Biology

4 4 A n a t o m y - Study of g o l

9 G e n e t i c s - Study of E

i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e

h e r e d i t y a n d variation

o f o r g a n i s m s

5 M o r p h o l o g y - Study of

- e x t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e a n d

f o r m of 1 0 E c o l o g y - Study of relationships

between organisms and

t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t

o r g a n i s m s

Physiology - Study of

functions of body parts

a n d o r g a n s

• Cytology (Cell Biology)

- Study of cells -

s t r u c t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n

8 H i s t o l o g y - Study of

t i s s u e s

I I Taxonomy - Study of

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f

living o r g a n i s m s

1 2 E m b r y o l o g y - Study of

d e v e l o p m e n t of o rg a n i s m s

from fertilization to birth

1 3 ) E v o l u t i o n - Study of origin and

s i gradual change of organisms o v e r t i m e

14) Biotechnology - Use of living organisms to make useful products(e.g. insulin, vaccine

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy – the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies living organisms.

• Taxis = arrangement

• Nomos = law/science

Levels of Classification (Largest → Smallest)

Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Mnemonic:

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

2. Taxonomy of Man (Human Classification)

Scientific name:

Homo sapiens

3. Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics

✔ Eukaryotic (has nucleus)

✔ Multicellular

✔ Heterotroph (cannot make own food)

✔ No cell wall

✔ No chloroplast

✔ Can move (motile)

✔ Has sense organs

Keyword: Animals eat food and can move.

4. Phylum Chordata

Characteristics

✔ Notochord

✔ Dorsal hollow nerve cord

✔ Pharyngeal (gill) slits

✔ Post-anal tail

Mnemonic

N D G T

N = Notochord

D = Dorsal nerve cord

G = Gill slits

T = Tail

5. Class Mammalia

Characteristics

✔ Hair/Fur

✔ Mammary glands (produce milk)

✔ Warm-blooded

✔ Live birth (most mammals)

✔ Large brain

✔ Can learn

6. Order Primates

Characteristics

✔ Long gestation

✔ Live birth

✔ Warm-blooded

✔ Large brain

✔ Flexible hands

✔ Can learn and solve problems

7. Family Hominidae

(Humans and great apes)

Characteristics

✔ Large brain

✔ Walk on two legs (bipedal)

✔ Use tools

8. Genus Homo

Includes modern humans and extinct human relatives.

Example:

• Homo sapiens

• Homo erectus

9. Species Homo sapiens

Characteristics

✔ Highly intelligent

✔ Complex language

✔ Think logically

✔ Advanced communication

✔ Reproduce

10. Binomial Nomenclature

Created by:

Carl Linnaeus

Each organism has two names

Example:

Human

Homo sapiens

First name = Genus (Capitalized)

Second name = Species (lowercase)

Write in italics or underline if handwritten.

Example:

Homo sapiens

11. Hypothesis vs Theory

Hypothesis

✔ Educated guess

✔ Can be tested

✔ Made before experiment

Example:

“I think plants grow faster in sunlight.”

Theory

✔ Supported by lots of evidence

✔ Explains why something happens

Example:

Theory of Evolution

Cell Theory

12. Scientific Laws vs Scientific Theories

Scientific Law

Explains WHAT happens

Example:

Law of Gravity

Scientific Theory

Explains WHY or HOW it happens

Example:

Theory of Evolution

13. Basic Biological Theories

Evolution

Species change over time through natural selection.

Charles Darwin

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells.

Cells are the basic unit of life.

Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Gene Theory

Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.

Germ Theory

Microorganisms cause infectious diseases.

Louis Pasteur

Robert Koch

Homeostasis

Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

Example:

Body temperature

Blood sugar

14. APA Reference

APA = American Psychological Association

Used in research papers.

Basic format:

Author.

Year.

Title.

Source.

QUIZ REVIEW (MOST IMPORTANT)

Scientist → Contribution

Carl Linnaeus → Binomial Nomenclature

Charles Darwin → Evolution

Louis Pasteur → Germ Theory

Robert Koch → Tuberculosis bacterium

Gregor Mendel → Genetics

Robert Hooke → Microscope

William Harvey → Blood circulation

Alexander Fleming → Penicillin

Howard Florey → First antibiotic

Edward Jenner → Smallpox vaccine

Francis Crick → DNA

Barbara McClintock → Chromosomes