Unit 2 AP Bio

Endomembrane System:

  • What organelles does it include?

  • ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope

  • What qualifies an organelle to be in it? 

  • Has to have a membrane

  • What eukaryotic organelles are also in prokaryotic cells (77)?

  • Ribosomes only

  • How do prokaryotes do the same jobs as eukaryotes?

  • perform vital life functions on their cell membranes and directly in their cytoplasm instead of using separate, membrane-bound compartments



Proteins

  • What is the process of protein from start to synthesis?

  • Starts in the nucleus (endoplasmic reticulum), then goes to the cis golgi, then trans side, then vesicle to cell membrane to exit the cell



Endosymbiotic Theory (cell within a cell)

  • Mitochondria: contains cristae, matrix, and have their own ribosomes

  • Chloroplasts: contain thylakoids, stroma, granum, and have their own ribosomes

  • They can both split into two, change shape, and move around



Fibers

  • What are the different types of fibers found in a cell?

  • Microtubules, microfilaments, & intermediate filaments

  • What are they used for?

  • Microtubules: help maintain cell shape, serve as transport tracks, & drives cell division

  • Microfilaments: supports cell shape, power cell movement

  • Intermediate filaments: reinforce cell shape, fix position of some organelles, make up nuclear lamina



Cell Junctions

  • What is the plant type of cell junctions?

  • Plasmodesmata: membrane lined channels filled with cytosol, this allows water & small solutes to pass freely

  • What are the animal types of cell junctions?

  • Tight junction, desmosome junctions, & gap junctions

  • What is the function of tight junctions?

  • helps prevent leakage

  • What is the function of desmosomes?

  • Hold cell together

  • What is the function of gap junctions?

  • Provide channels between cells for ions & other small molecules

  • Which is most like plasmodesmata?

  • The gap junctions because they are both a channel for movement 




Integral vs Peripheral proteins

  • What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

  • Integral is embedded within the membrane

  • Peripheral are loosely bound usually near integral proteins

  • What are amphipathic and transmembrane (inte vs peri)?

  • Integral proteins  

  • What are carrier & channel proteins (inte vs peri)?

  • Integral proteins 

  • What is the difference between carrier and channel proteins?

  • Channels are hydrophilic channels that certain molecules use for transport

  • Carrier change shape in order to shuttler specific molecules

  • Which is more specific, carrier or channel?

  • Carrier




  • What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

  • while facilitated diffusion is for larger, polar, charged molecules

  • Facilitated requires a protein to help it

  • Example of diffusion?

  • CO2, O2

  • Example of facilitated diffusion?

  • Glucose, water



  • What type of ions can go through without help?

  • Nothing charged, smaller nonpolar particles

  • What is active diffusion?

  • The substance is moving against the concentration gradient, this requires ATP



  • What is a hypertonic solution?

  • has more solute in the solution, makes things lose water (plants: plasmolyzed)

  • What is a hypotonic solution?

  • Less solute in solution, makes things take in water (normal for plants: turgid, dangerous for animals)

  • What is an isotonic solution?

  • Equal concentration of solute & solution, ideal for animal but plants shrivel (flaccid)



  • What is exocytosis?

  • Cell secretes certain molecules by fusion of vesicles with the membrane



  • What is endocytosis?

  • Cell takes in molecules and other matter by forming new vesicles from the membrane



  • What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

  • Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & receptor-mediated endocytosis


  • What is phagocytosis?

  • Intake of food particles (white blood cell is eliminated)



  • What is pinocytosis?

  • Intake of extracellular fluid (nonspecific)



  • What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

  • Specialized endocytosis using receptors to trigger intake (more specific than pino)



  • What are the ID tags of a cell?

  • Glycolipids & glycoproteins 



  • What makes up proteins?

  • Genes



  • What happens to genes over time?

  • Their expression is reduced



  • What is the information needed to make proteins?

  • DNA (comes from genes)