Lec 31

  • the citric acid cycle

  • oxygen is our terminal acceptor bc we are always breathing it and that it is very available, and very electronegative

  • transferring electrons from carbon to oxygen = high energy release

  • ROS = reactive oxygen species

  • Obligate aerobes are humans: we rely on oxygen a LOT, and we can detoxify ROS

  • both pathways are cytosolic TPP and ???

  • dw abt redox potentials

  • the bond is where the energy is at

  • FAD’s are important to energetics bc they are our connections between our oxidative pathways. connect the atc to the etc

  • look into B vitamins

  • FMN is a mononucleotide,

  • fatty acids breakdown comes in as acetyl coA

  • 8 reactions for citric acid;

  • synthase: without ATP

  • step 1: 2 carbons come in

  • stept 2: take citrate to isocitrate via an intermediate

  • step 3: oxidation to alpha-K (got 3 substeps)

    • decarboxylations to an enol intermediate (unstable!!!) are energetically favorable

  • step 4: oxidation to succinyl-CoA (alpha-K dehydrogenase COMPLEX is doing this)

    • 2 oxidizers and 1 mover?

  • Succinyl-CoA to succinate (cleavage!!!)

    • Coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation means you get ATP? left to right = synthase, left to right = synthatase

Lec 32

  • Phase 2

  • FAD is lower energy, and it isn’t energetically favorable to put ??? onto NAD, so it goes onto FAD

  • step 6: Oxidation to fumarate

  • WE SEE HISTIDINE!!!!

  • FAD is imprtant for vitamin D and electron transports

  • step 7: fumarase (mechanism is unknown) transhydration

  • step 8: Making oxaloacetate is very costly and is NOT energetically favorable oxidation to oxaloacetate

  • for every glucose molecule you consume, it gets oxidized into carbon dioxide

  • slide 20 is v helpful

  • SLIDE 24!!!!! i cant lie i enjoy these cycles. theyre funsies

  • high NADH = High energy in the cell

  • glycogen phosphorylase: responsible for breaking down

Lec 34-36

  • know definitions on slide 3

11/21/24

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase: phosphorylated = off

  • glycogen synthase: phosphorylated = off

  • Protons from complex 1 don’t participate in reaction chemistry (only move from 1 side to the other; participate but don’t get used)(slide 11 is a good example)

  • Complex 2: pictures of structures on slide 13

  • FAD is a redox flovoprotein

    • ask abt the different types of proteins and where to find them!!!

  • heem is a cytochrome B complex

    • cycles between iron 1, 2, and 3?

  • heem is not covalently linked (complex 2)

  • fatty acids come in at the top of the TCA cycle and we take e from there and send it to catalysis?

    • check im not sure where it gets sent to

  • reduced ubiquitum is a liquid-soluble e carrior, meaning that its moving in the

  • honestly? just watch videos atp abt the Q cycle and all the complexes in gen to gain a better understanding

    • also make a paper board/vocab book for this stuff. walk yourself through it slowly.

    • Slide 18 last point is the abridged version of the q cycle

  • slide 21: heem is covalently linked through 2 sulfus atoms and a third is helping coordinate it

  • review naming bc huh. what.

  • final acceptor would be oxygen

  • ecoli would be on the exam huh. has 2 complexes instead of 4 like we do

  • aromatics for aresthophosphate

  • 1-3, dw abt potential, know those points slide 29.

37-38

  • pumped p into ims, makes unequal distribustion, low conc. in matrix, and change charges on the sides (slide 3 is helpful)

  • mitochondria in high concentration = leak = no gradient = loss of energy potential

    • is this right?

  • Uncouplers and ionophores equalize concentration (un equalize concentration while io poke holes

  • know nobel winner ft in this slide

  • electrons come from TCA and go straight to ubiquinum

  • F0 gets inhibited by oligomycin

  • c subunits = carousel spinning around (slide 7)

  • dw abt slide 9. didnt even look at it LMAO (but obv confirm)

  • John walker was interesting

  • Boyer: binding chain mechanism

  • pick up: L, squish T, release O

    • ask

  • One complete rotation = making 3 molecules of ATP

  • ARG-210 responsible for picking up

  • Asp has neg charge

  • make atp with light slide 19

  • WATCH VIDEO SLIDE 20

  • SLIDE 21 talk abt inhibiting dif complexes

  • 1 ATP is worth roughly 4 H

  • phosphate to oxygen ratio (P/O ratio)

  • how many seats = how much ATP you can make

  • 8 protons, made 3 ATP = 8/3 = 2.67

    • look at slide 26 for example

  • wtf is going on in slide 29

  • know who is more efficient on slide 29 and found on 30/31

  • spend 2 for NADH on slide 31 for G-3-P shuttle