NCMA217 LEC FINAL

Introduction to Growth & Development

  • Growth

    • Quantitative increase, measurable in weight, height, circumferential diameters.

    • If an organism is alive and eating, growth is assured.

    • Occurs as cells divide and synthesize new proteins.

    • Nutrition is the most critical variable influencing child growth.

    • Growth starts at conception and continues until around 18-21 years old.

    • Circumferential diameters include head, chest, and abdominal measurements.

    • Measurement units:

      • Weight: kg, pounds

      • Height: cm, ft/inches, meters

      • Circumferences: cm, inches

  • Development

    • Qualitative increase in the capacity to function, progressive skill increase.

    • Involves interactions with the environment.

    • Observed through performance of tasks, influenced by parenting style and competence.

    • Measured by:

      • Speech and language (number of words spoken)

      • Body language (gestures and facial expressions)

      • Self-esteem

      • Motor development (movement skills)

      • Sensory development (cognitive, visual, auditory, gustatory, tactile)

  • Major Theories of Development

    • Psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

    • Psychosexual development (Sigmund Freud)

    • Cognitive development (Jean Piaget)

    • Moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Importance of Growth and Development Assessment

  1. Helps anticipate child needs based on developmental stages.

  2. Provides understanding of illness causes.

  3. Aids in the formulation of a care plan.

  4. Enhances parents' education for optimal growth and development.

Principles of Growth and Development

  1. Innate: It’s natural for growth and development.

  2. Predictable: Following a pattern.

  3. Differentiated pacing: Individuals grow and develop at different rates.

  4. Heredity: Genetic factors set limits on growth (e.g., Down syndrome).

  5. Environment: Influences growth and development.

  6. Nutrition: Impacts growth, starting from pregnancy.

  7. Continuous development: Growth and development happen throughout life.

  8. Critical periods: Recognizable developmental milestones occur at predictable intervals.

  9. Upper limits: Certain developmental capabilities cannot be surpassed (e.g., IQ).

Additional Principles by Mam Jhal

  1. Principle of continuity

  2. Principle of integration: Development involves orderly sequences.

  3. Principle of lack uniformity: Different individuals show different development rates.

  4. Principle of individual differences: Each child is unique; comparisons should be avoided.

  5. Principle of uniformity pattern

  6. Principle of proceeding from general to specific

  7. Principle of interaction between heredity and environment

  8. Principle of interrelation: Actions affect subsequent actions.

  9. Principle of cephalocaudal: Development progresses from head to toe.

  10. Principle of proximodistal: Development progresses from center to edges.

  11. Principle of predictability: Anticipates uniformity in development sequences.

  12. Principle of spiral vs. linear advancement

  13. Principle of association of maturation and learning.

Coverage for Final Exam

  • Growth and Development

  • Nursing process for promoting normal growth and development

  • Health promotion and disease prevention across various growth stages

  • Ethical Scope and Standards

  • Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in Maternal and Child Care

Developmental Patterns in Growth

Growth Patterns

  • Cephalo-caudal: Development from head to toe (lifting the head before body).

  • Proximodistal: Development from the center to the periphery (arms before hands).

  • Gross to refine: Development from larger movements to refined skills (palmar grasp to pincer grasp).

  • Simple to complex: Progression from easy to more difficult tasks.

  • General to specific: Noun learning from common to proper names.

Stages of Psychosocial and Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Stages

  • Infant (0-1): Trust vs Mistrust

  • Toddler (1-3): Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

  • Preschool (3-6): Initiative vs Guilt

  • School Age (6-12): Industry vs Inferiority

  • Adolescent (12-18): Identity vs Role Confusion

Cognitive Development Stages

  • Infant (0-1): Sensorimotor

  • Toddler (1-3): Sensorimotor

  • Preschool (3-6): Preoperational

  • School Age: Concrete Operational

  • Adolescent (12-18): Formal Operational

Moral Development Stages

  • Infant (0-1): Amoral

  • Toddler (1-3): Preconventional stage 1

  • Preschool (3-6): Preconventional stage 2

  • School Age: Conventional

  • Adolescent (12-18): Post Conventional

Nursing Process for Infant and Toddler Care

Assessment for Infants

  • Importance of growth measurements (weight, height, head circumference).

  • Involves understanding basic needs (sleep, nutrition, activity).

Nursing Diagnosis for Infants

  • Focus on sleep, nutrition, and adjustment.

    • Example diagnoses:

      • Ineffective breastfeeding due to maternal fatigue

      • Disturbed sleep cycle due to infant's growth demands

Expected Outcomes for Infants

  • Realistic care outcomes that align with family’s situation.

    • Parents report bonding activities, acknowledge parenting roles, and ensure age-appropriate growth.

Assessment for Toddlers

  • Involves health history and development observations.

Nursing Diagnosis for Toddlers

  • Focus on learning especially regarding normal growth and development parameters.

Expected Outcomes for Toddlers

  • Emphasis on family education and realistic goal-setting.

Developmental Milestones

Important Milestones for Infants

  • Lifting Head: 0-4 months increase to over 45 degrees.

  • Crawling: Begins at 9 months.

  • Walking with support: 10-12 months.

Nutritional Considerations

  • Introduction of solid foods around 6 months.

  • Recommended foods include iron-fortified cereals, vegetables, and meat.

Safety Measures

  • For infants: Childproofing home environments to prevent accidents.

  • Requirements for effective supervision to ensure safety.

Important Considerations

  • Understanding the role and nature of play for infants and toddlers.

Common Concerns and Practices - Filipino Culture

  • Understanding health-related beliefs and practices in the Philippines.

  • Emphasis on family roles, traditional practices following childbirth, and dietary restrictions during pregnancy.

Ethical Scope and Standards

  • Emphasis on the ethical principles guiding nursing actions:

    • Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Veracity, Fidelity.

  • For each developmental stage, appropriate safety measures, dietary recommendations, and health promotion strategies are critical for ensuring overall health and well-being. By understanding the principles of growth and development, nurses can effectively support children and families throughout these transformative years.