Period 3 Knowledge Dump

Meiji

China

during emperoro dowager cixi’s reign the qing dynastybbegan to fall. shes seen a an aint modernization symbol and ultimatelmately what led to emoirials chians end. so during cixi there were many atttemot reforms carried out by peasent, technological lag, and unfair treaties were the demise of the empire. all began with the taiping rebellion led by hong xiguan, a guy who belived was th ebrother of jesus christ and had a mission to spread chrisitanity to all of china. th etaiping rebellion laster 14 years and was very deadly 60 million lives lost, imperial forces were able to suppress the rebellion with help from france and birtish allies but it severely qeakened the remainning qing militariyl, this was in the 1860s. later was the self strenghting movement from 1860-1890s which was an attempt to industrialize china and follow th e”native learning for base, western leaerning for use” startegy, opposed by cixi and was suppres by the empire, the goal was to improve china’s military, trade system, and its industries and the fault of a better military later cost china korea in 1895. the hundred days movement came next which was after japanese victory of korea in 1900s, and was a radical attempt to overthrown the government and fasten the process of industrialization and innocation in the country, again this was opposed by cixi. later came the boxer rebellion which was a cixi-approved reformation which was anit-christian, anti-foreigner, and only allowed small aspects of industrialization to reach china but super negligeble, peasents rebellion stopped this movement from happening further and the empire was severely weakened after this.

Ottoman

the sublime porte is th ewall that poretcts istabul from intruders. the period of ottoman decline is marked by military weaknesses/conflicts, terriotorial losses, corruption, and lack of modernization. the ottoman vs russia duringt he crimean war of 1854 saw the wiining of the ottoman with the help of french and british alllies, however the russo turkish war of 1877 saw the loss of th eottoman and win of the russians with help of some allies. the russian defeat cost them some terriotories in the caucauses and also conflicts with austria weakened them more, seen with the siege of vienna of 1683 when viena was able to repel ottoman forces which marked the beignning of the decline and end of western european expansion for the ottomans. the janisseries were abolished in 1826 by mahnud ii after they failed to be usefull anymore. the janisseries lacked innovation and improvements to be succesful because of their refusal to modernized their weapondry, startegies and tactics. the ottoman sought to reform the empire after loosing terriotory because of rebellions like the greek in 1820 and egyot in 1801 (egypt remained under the ottoman empire but was mainly autonomous under muhammed ali pasha), the late 1800s marked the shrinking of the ottoman empire and it was only present in some areas of th emiddle east, nort africa, anatolia, and thr balkans. thye needed to reform and they needed it now. so their efforts began by improving the imlitary and modernizing it, by making education compulsory and creating more colleges and technical schools, and by improving and simplyfying the legal codes which were inspired by euopean governments like the french penal code. the tanzimat reforms and the rose garden edicts of 1839-1870s were the ottoman attempts to modernize which were succesfull. the tanzimat reforms gave religious minorities more freedoms, industrialized the country, created the forst railways and telegraph systems of the mpire, saw the creation of printing companies like th enewspaper, created improved legal codes, abolished slavery, weakened islamic conservative groups, adovacted for religious tolerance and freedom and wanted a unified empire that wasnt beefing with eachother. however many turks were agaisnt the sultan altogether and in 1908 th eyoung turks movement arose. inspired by mazzini and the young italy movement, the young turks sought to end the sultan absolutism and establish a constitution, they were pro turkic and created the first political parties ever in the ottoman empire, they ended the sultan aristocracy/reign, very nationalistic that they diminishing the rights of ethnic minorities like chrisitans, jews, and armenians and they were angered by this. important are the capitulations that furthered weakened the empire and were a clear example of how much power foreign countries had over the ottomans. capitulations were freedoms and liberties foreigners had over ottoman territory and were held accountable under their own systems of law and court rather than the ottoman’s.

Russia