Monarchs

  1. King Henry VII

    1. Became the first Tudor king by winning the Wars of the Roses

    2. Married Elizabeth of York to unite the House of Lancaster and the House of York

    3. Used diplomacy to avoid expensive wars

    4. Avoided overtaxing the gentry

    5. Dispensed justice in the name of the king

    6. Created the court of the Star Chamber, which originally convicted nobles but then became corrupt

    7. England

  2. King Henry VIII

    1. He was married to Catherine of Aragon, but she only gave him a daughter, Mary

    2. He wanted to divorce her and argued she was once married to his brother, but the Pope said no

    3. He married his mistress, Anne Boleyn, anyway, who gave birth to Elizabeth I

    4. He created his own religion (the Church of England), Anglicanism

    5. passed the Act of Supremacy to say he was the leader of the church

    6. excecueted anne boleyn and married Jane Seymour, who gave birth to Edward

    7. england

    8. He had 6 wives total, 2 of whom he beheaded.

  3. Mary Tudor

    1. was Henry’s oldest child, only surviving child with Catherine of Aragon

    2. After Edward made England more protestant, Mary returned it to Catholicism

    3. Executed Anglican archbishops, so she got the name “Bloody Mary”

    4. Married to Philip II of Spain

    5. england

  4. Elizabeth I

    1. Child of henry the 8th and Anne Boleyn

    2. Brought England back to Anglicanism

    3. Elizabethan Settlement ended religious turmoil

    4. Avoided harsh persecution of people who practiced their own beliefs quietly

    5. Puritans wanted to purify the church of England.

    6. Act of Uniformity- Book of Common Prayer and required to go to church once a week

    7. england

    8. 39 Articles- English official language of the church

  5. Edward VI

    1. Henry’s youngest child

    2. Only male heir of the Tudor dynasty

    3. Made England more low church and was raised protestant

    4. Died at 15

    5. First of Henry’s children to rule

    6. england

  6. King Ferdinand

    1. From the Aragon region of Spain

    2. Married to Isabella to unite Aragon and Castile (the two most powerful forces on the Iberian Peninsula) into the kingdom of Spain

    3. Their marriage began the consolidation of power and unification of Spain under Catholicism

    4. spain

  7. Queen Isabella

    1. from the Castile region of Spain

    2. married to King Ferdinand

    3. mother to Catherine of Aragon

    4. alcabala is a tax on the sale or exchange of property

    5. coreregidores are magistrates that worked to make the monarch more powerful

    6. conversos/marranos were the conversion of jews to Catholicism

    7. reconquista expelled all jews from Spain

    8. The Spanish Inquisition rooted out heresy and made sure Spain was only catholic

    9. spain

  8. Louis XIV

    1. france

    2. Longest reign of any known European monarch

    3. He believed he had the divine right to rule

    4. secured an absolute monarchy

    5. Pacified rebellious nobles

    6. He centralized power

    7. heavily patronized the arts

    8. Territorial growth for France that made it a formidable power

    9. Working with financial advisors, he improved domestic manufacturing, boosted trade, and reorganized the French military.

    10. Relocated the French royal court from Paris to the town of Versailles

    11. Took back the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal

    12. Made France poor from wars

  9. Louis XVI

    1. france

    2. Last absolute king

    3. Married Austrian Marie Antoinette

    4. Supported the American Revolution: He backed the American colonies with money and troops to weaken Great Britain, helping secure American independence but leaving France heavily in debt.

    5. Promoted Science and Exploration: He pursued personal interests in geography, watchmaking, and lock-making, and he sponsored the global voyage of explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse as well as early hot-air balloon experiments.

    6. Triggered the Estates-General: He called a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 to fix the national debt crisis. This action unintentionally sparked the French Revolution when commoners broke away to form their own assembly.

    7. expanded religious tolerance

    8. more humane justice system (got rid of torturing prisoners)

    9. started the French Revolution and was guillotined

  10. Machiavelli

    1. father of modern political science

    2. advocated for republicanism

    3. he wrote a book “The Prince” that told rulers how to rule

    4. he believed you should use whatever means necessary to stay in power

    5. deceit and lies were ok as long as they benefited him.

    6. was exiled from Florence

    7. Italian (Florentine?)

  11. jean bodin

    1. early advocate for religious tolerance

    2. theory of absolute sovereignty in his work The Six Books of the Commonwealth; he argued that a stable state requires a single, supreme, and indivisible power to make and enforce laws

    3. spread the idea that the modern state was different from a monarchy

    4. viewed families as the model for the state.

    5. prominent French jurist, political philosopher, and economist

  12. hugo grotius

    1. He was a child prodigy who entered Leiden University at age eleven and earned his doctor of laws by age fifteen.

    2. He worked as a lawyer, attorney general, and diplomat

    3. escaped from prison and spent his life in exile

    4. from the Netherlands but lived in Paris, Stockholm, and Hamburg

    5. founded international law

    6. promoted free trade at sea

    7. theory of natural law: that all humans are born with innate rights and leaders should govern using rational and ethical laws

  13. medici family

    1. wealthy Italian banking family and political dynasty

    2. based in Florence, Italy

    3. ruled the city and funded the artistic birth of the Renaissance

    4. independent patrons of the arts

    5. produced 3 popes and 2 queens

    6. They spent massive fortunes to support artists, sculptors, and thinkers like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Botticelli.

    7. They helped invent and improve modern banking tools like the double-entry bookkeeping system.

    8. They intermarried with royal families across Europe