A New World of Many Cultures, 1491-1607

Compare and contrast the development of Native civilizations based on regional environments.
Explain the causes of European exploration and colonization in the Americas.
Compare and contrast the developments and lifestyles of the Spanish, French, and English colonies in North America.

Geographic Regions: Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, Plateau, Great Basin, Plains, Northeast, California, Southeast, Southwest.

Map illustrating the locations of various Native American tribes and cultural areas in the 1600s, including: Northwest Coast (e.g., Chinook), Plateau (e.g., Nez Perce), Great Basin (e.g., Shoshoni), Plains (e.g., Sioux), Northeast/Eastern Woodland (e.g., Iroquois), Southeast (e.g., Cherokee), and Southwest (e.g., Pueblo).

Location: Mesoamerica, specifically the Valley of Mexico.
Civilizations: Aztecs, Mayans.
Key Locations: Tula, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital), Olmec heartland, Maya areas (Chichen Itza, Tikal, Copan).

Visual representation of the Cliff Palace, a significant example of Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings.

Geography: Rolling hills, dense forests, rivers.
Tribes: Wampanoag, Iroquois Confederacy (Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas), Powhatan.
Diet: Fishing, hunting, farming; mix of permanent & semi-permanent settlements.
Culture: Hunter-gatherers, farmers, longhouses, wampum.

Geography: Cedar forests, rivers.
Tribes: Pacific Northwest (Chinook), California (Nez Perce).
Diet: Hunting, fish, berries, nuts.
Culture: Mix of sedentary & nomadic lifestyles.
Housing: Plank homes (Pacific Northwest), settled communities by the ocean, totem poles, canoes.

Renaissance: Marked by technological innovations.
Growth of Nation-States: Rise of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland (The Netherlands).

Motivations: God, Glory, Gold.
Key Explorers/Nations:
- Spain: Christopher Columbus (1492).
- France: Jacques Cartier (1534).
- Dutch: Henry Hudson (1609).
- England: John Cabot (1497).

Map depicting colonial territories in North and South America, including: New France, Thirteen Colonies, New Spain, Brazil, etc.
Highlighting the extent of British, Danish, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish territories.

Definition: The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia: Squash, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, turkeys, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, peanuts, vanilla beans, cacao, pineapples, tobacco, peppers.
Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: Honeybees, sugar cane, disease (smallpox, influenza, typhus, measles, malaria, whooping cough, diphtheria), grains (wheat, rice, barley, oats), livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, horses), onions, olives, turnips, coffee beans, peaches, pears, grapes, citrus fruits, bananas.

Royal Colonies: Governed by conquistadores acting on behalf of the Spanish crown.
Relations with Natives: Focused on Catholic conversion and establishing missions.
- Pueblo Revolt (1680) as a significant event of resistance.
Labor: Encomienda System – Land grants to Spaniards where Natives were compelled to work in plantation-based agriculture or mines, often accompanied by Christian conversion efforts.
Key Figures: Bartolome de las Casas, a critic of the Encomienda System.

Visual aid; The fur trade remained significant until silk hats became popular in the mid-19th century. New France dominated the fur trade until 1763 when defeated by the British.

Governance: Utilized charters and joint-stock companies.
Population Growth: Fueled by indentured servants and family migration from England.
Native Relations: Initially, Native assistance was provided, but relations deteriorated, leading to animosity and exclusion.

Illustration of trade interactions between English colonists and Native Americans.