Contents Overview

List of Applications

xviii

List of Animations

Preface

Tools for Success

xxviii

A Note to the Student

xxxii

Chemistry: The Study of Change

1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century

1.2 The Study of Chemistry

1.3 The Scientific Method

1.4 CHEMISTRY in Action: Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory

1.5 Classifications of Matter

1.6 The Three States of Matter

1.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

1.8 Measurement

1.9 CHEMISTRY in Action: The Importance of Units

Handling Numbers

Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.1 The Atomic Theory

2.2 The Structure of the Atom

2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes

2.4 The Periodic Table

2.5 CHEMISTRY in Action: Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems

2.6 Molecules and Ions

2.7 Chemical Formulas

2.8 Naming Compounds

2.9 Introduction to Organic Compounds

Key Equation

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

3.1 Atomic Mass

3.2 Avogadro's Number and Molar Mass of an Element

3.3 Molecular Mass

3.4 The Mass Spectrometer

3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds

3.6 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

3.7 Amounts of Reactants and Products

3.8 Limiting Reagents

3.9 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas

3.10 Reaction Yield

CHEMISTRY in Action: Chemical Fertilizers

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

4.2 Precipitation Reactions

4.3 CHEMISTRY in Action: An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction

4.4 Acid-Base Reactions

4.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

4.6 CHEMISTRY in Action: Breathalyzer

4.7 Concentration of Solutions

4.8 Gravimetric Analysis

4.9 Acid-Base Titrations

4.10 Redox Titrations

CHEMISTRY in Action: Metal from the Sea

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: Who Killed Napoleon?

Gases

5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases

5.2 Pressure of a Gas

5.3 The Gas Laws

5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation

5.5 Gas Stoichiometry

5.6 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

5.7 CHEMISTRY in Action: Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws

5.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

5.9 CHEMISTRY in Action: Super Cold Atoms

5.10 Deviation from Ideal Behavior

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: Out of Oxygen

Thermochemistry

6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy

6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics

CHEMISTRY in Action: Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire

6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

6.5 Calorimetry

CHEMISTRY in Action: Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances

6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction

CHEMISTRY in Action: How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself

6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: The Exploding Tire

Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms

7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory

7.2 The Photoelectric Effect

7.3 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom

CHEMISTRY in Action: Laser-The Splendid Light

7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron

CHEMISTRY in Action: Electron Microscopy

7.5 Quantum Mechanics

7.6 Quantum Numbers

7.7 Atomic Orbitals

7.8 Electron Configuration

7.9 The Building-Up Principle

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: Discovery of Helium and the Rise and Fall of Coronium

Periodic Relationships Among the Elements

8.1 Development of the Periodic Table

8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements

8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties

CHEMISTRY in Action: The Third Liquid Element?

8.4 Ionization Energy

8.5 Electron Affinity

8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements

CHEMISTRY in Action: Discovery of the Noble Gases

Key Equation

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols

9.2 The Ionic Bond

9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds

CHEMISTRY in Action: Sodium Chloride-A Common and Important Ionic Compound

9.4 The Covalent Bond

9.5 Electronegativity

9.6 Writing Lewis Structures

9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure

9.8 The Concept of Resonance

9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

CHEMISTRY in Action: Just Say NO

9.10 Bond Enthalpy

Key Equation

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

10.1 Molecular Geometry

10.2 Dipole Moment

CHEMISTRY in Action: Microwave Ovens-Dipole Moments at Work

10.3 Valence Bond Theory

10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds

10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory

10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations

10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals

CHEMISTRY in Action: Buckyball, Anyone?

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids

11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids

11.2 Intermolecular Forces

11.3 Properties of Liquids

CHEMISTRY in Action: Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?

11.4 Crystal Structure

11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals

11.6 Types of Crystals

CHEMISTRY in Action: High-Temperature Superconductors

11.7 Amorphous Solids

CHEMISTRY in Action: And All for Want of a Button

11.8 Phase Changes

11.9 Phase Diagrams

CHEMISTRY in Action: Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating

CHEMISTRY in Action: Liquid Crystals

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Physical Properties of Solutions

12.1 Types of Solutions

12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process

12.3 Concentration Units

12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility

12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases

CHEMISTRY in Action: The Killer Lake

12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

CHEMISTRY in Action: Desalination

12.8 Colloids

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL Mystery: The Wrong Knife

Chemical Kinetics

13.1 The Rate of a Reaction

13.2 The Rate Law

13.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time

CHEMISTRY in Action: Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin

13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants

13.5 Reaction Mechanisms

CHEMISTRY in Action: Femtochemistry

13.6 Catalysis

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems

Chemical Equilibrium

14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant

14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions

14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium

14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?

14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium

CHEMISTRY in Action: Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production

CHEMISTRY in Action: The Haber Process

Key Equations

Summary of Facts and Concepts

Key Words

Questions and Problems