Chemistry Bonding

Atoms form bonds to fill outer energy levels and reduce potential energy

Ionic Bonding- The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charges ions

Covalent Bonding - The electrostatic attraction between nuclei and shared electrons

Metallic Bonding - The electrostatic attraction between cations and a sea of delocalized electrons

Triple bonds are the shortest and strongest followed by double and single bonds

Hydrogen Bonding- The attraction between the partially positive hydrogen in one molecules and the partially negative N,O, or F of another molecule.

Dipole-Dipole Bonding- The attraction between the partially positive and partially negative atom of a 2 molecules.

LDF Bonds- The temporary bonding of the surrounding electrons of two atoms due to random electron motion.

Boron and Beryllium- Shortened Octet - Boron is satisfied with 6 electrons and Beryllium is satisfied with 4.

Sulfur and Phosphorus - Expanded Octet - Sulfur can be satisfied with 10 electrons and Phosphorus can be satisfied with 12 electrons.

Why is water liquid at room temp but Oxygen is not? Water is a polar molecule that contains oxygen so it can form a H-Bond between the two atoms, forming a strong IMF which has a high boiling point, causing it to be liquid at room temperature rather than gas as the energy(heat) of the room is not enough to break the H-Bonds. Oxygen has weak LDF bonds that can be broken by the heat of room temperature, causing it to be a gas.

Ionic Compounds: Hard Brittle Solids, Do not conduct as a solid, usually dissolve in water to then conduct (form electrolytes), high melting points

Covalent Compounds: Softer solids, do not conduct electricity usually in any form, low melting point

Metallic Compounds: Hard, good conductors as a solid, malleable, ductile, high melting point

Resonance: Certain molecules or ions that can be represented by two or more valid Lewis structures (resonance structures). Example: Ozone is a resonance molecule as the double bond can alternate positions and the Lewis Structure is still valid.