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1. Gather facts

2. Assess and communicate the Damage

3. Consider Probabilities

4. Assess your own situation

5. Establish priorities

6. Make decisions

7. Develop a plan of action

8. Take Action

9. Evaluate Progress

The signs of a closed-head, neck, or spinal injury most often include:

• Change in consciousness;

• Inability to move one or more body parts;

• Severe pain or pressure in head, neck, or back;

• Tingling or numbness in extremities;

• Difficulty breathing or seeing;

• Heavy bleeding, bruising, or deformity of the head or spine;

• Blood or fluid in the ears or nose;

• Bruising behind the ear;

• “Raccoon” eyes (bruising around eyes);

• “Uneven” pupils;

• Seizures; and

• Nausea or vomiting.