Knowt
Note
Studied by 38 peopleNoteStudied by 50 peopleNoteStudied by 48 peopleNoteStudied by 20 peopleNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 4 people
Chapter 8 Skeletal System
Page 1: Introduction to the Skeletal System
Title: Skeletal System
Figure 8-9: Displays the human skeleton with the axial skeleton highlighted in blue.
A: Anterior view
B: Posterior view
Page 2: Learning Objectives of Lesson 8.1
Functions: Generalized functions of the skeletal system
Types of Bones: Identify and discuss types of bones, anatomical structures of long and flat bones.
Microscopic Structure: Discuss structure of bone and cartilage, including cell types.
Bone Formation and Growth: Explain the processes of how bones are formed, grow, and are remodeled.
Page 3: Continued Learning Objectives of Lesson 8.1
Subdivisions of the Skeleton: Identify two major subdivisions and their bones.
Comparison: Differences between male and female skeletons.
Age and Environmental Factors: Discuss how these affect the skeletal system.
Page 4: Overview of Bones
Characteristics:
Primary organs of the skeletal system.
Provide a rigid framework under tissues and muscles.
Are living organs that adapt and respond to the environment (homeostasis).
Page 5: Functions of the Skeletal System
Support: Internal framework supporting body.
Protection: Protect internal organs (e.g., skull protects the brain).
Movement: Muscle attachment allows movement through contraction.
Defense: Extremity bones contribute to self-defense and fighting disease.
Page 6: Continued Functions of the Skeletal System
Calcium Storage: Maintains homeostasis of blood calcium for nerve and muscle function.
Hematopoiesis: Produces blood cells in red bone marrow.
Page 7: Types of Bones
Four major types based on shape:
Long Bones: e.g., humerus, clavicle.
Short Bones: e.g., wrist and ankle bones.
Flat Bones: e.g., skull, rib cage.
Irregular Bones: e.g., vertebrae, hip bones.
Sesamoid Bones: e.g., patella (kneecap).
Page 8: Structure of Long Bones
Diaphysis: Hollow tube of compact bone.
Medullary Cavity: Contains yellow bone marrow (inactive).
Epiphyses: Ends of bones made of spongy bone containing red bone marrow.
Page 9: Continued Structure of Long Bones
Articular Cartilage: Thin layer on each epiphysis providing cushioning at joints.
Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering bone except at joints.
Endosteum: Lining of the medullary cavity.
Page 10: Longitudinal Section of Long Bone
Key Terms:
Epiphysis, Articular cartilage, Cancellous bone, Medullary cavity, Endosteum, Yellow marrow, Periosteum.
Page 11: Structure of Flat Bones
Example: Sternum
Description: Thin compact bone surrounding cancellous (spongy) bone, with open spaces within.
Page 12: Section of a Flat Bone
Illustrates compact bone, cancellous bone, and their structure.
Page 13: Microscopic Structure of Bones
Types of Connective Tissue: Bone and cartilage.
Bone Structure: Varies by location and function; matrix is calcified.
Bone Types: Compact (dense) and spongy (porous).
Page 14: Detailed Bone Structure
Compact Bone: Organized into osteons with concentric lamella surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
Osteocytes reside in lacunae and connect via canaliculi.
Page 15: Continued Microscopic Structure of Bones
Overview of components like trabeculae, central canal, and periosteum in spongy and compact bone contexts.
Page 16: Structure of Spongy Bone
Contains many spaces constructed with trabeculae, typically found in the epiphyses of long bones, containing red bone marrow.
Page 17: Cartilage Tissue Structure
Chondrocytes: Located in lacunae.
Matrix Composition: Gel-like, lacks blood vessels, leading to slow healing post-injury; flexibility similar to firm plastic.
Page 18: Bone Formation and Growth
Cell Types: Osteoblasts create new bone while osteoclasts dissolve existing bone.
Bone remodeling involves continuous sculpting by these cells, leading to growth and healing.
Page 19: Bone Development (Remodeling)
Illustrates the roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in bone remodeling processes.
Page 20: Bone Development Steps
Step-by-Step Bone Development:
Chondrocytes enlarge as cartilage model grows.
Osteoblasts cover shaft with bone.
Blood vessels invade cartilage, forming ossification center.
Shaft thickens as cartilage is replaced by bone.
Blood vessels invade epiphyses forming secondary ossification centers.
Page 21: Bone Remodeling
Further information and animations available about bone remodeling processes online.
Page 22: Early Bone Development
Bones initially form from cartilage; development involves the gradual calcification of cartilage through endochondral ossification.
Page 23: Divisions of the Skeletal System
Axial skeleton (80 bones):
Center of the body (skull, spine, thorax).
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones):
Upper and lower extremities (shoulder girdle, arms, legs, etc.).
Page 24: Human Skeleton Overview
Diagram showing major bones: frontal, nasal, zygomatic, and others in axial and appendicular sections.
Page 25: Axial Skeleton Components: Skull
Cranial Bones: 8 total including frontal, parietal, temporal, etc.
Facial Bones: 14 total including the maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, etc.
Ear Bones: 6 total involved in hearing.
Page 26: Hyoid Bone
Unique U-shaped bone in the neck, does not attach to other bones, provides support for the tongue.
Page 27: Skull Features
Sinuses: Air-filled spaces in skull.
Sutures: Immovable joints between skull bones.
Fontanels: Areas of incomplete ossification that allow skull compression during birth.
Page 28: Axial Skeleton Components: Spine/Vertebral Column
Composed of 24 vertebrae: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (1), coccyx (1).
Forms a flexible rod to support body weight.
Page 29: Anatomy of the Vertebral Column
Illustrates cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curvatures along the vertebral column.
Page 30: Clinical Applications of Spinal Curvatures
Atypical Curvatures: Lordosis (lumbar curve), kyphosis (thoracic curve), scoliosis (side-to-side curvature)—may require braces.
Page 31: Visuals of Spinal Curvatures
Diagrams depicting lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
Page 32: Axial Skeleton: Thorax
Structure comprises 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae.
True Ribs: 1-7, attached to sternum.
False Ribs: 8-12, partially attached.
Floating Ribs: 11-12, no anterior attachment.
Page 33: Thorax Structure
Displays structure of ribs, their attachments to the sternum, and categorization between true, false, and floating ribs.
Page 34: Appendicular Skeleton: Upper Extremities
Components: Shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle) and bones of the arm (humerus, radius, ulna), wrist and hand bones.
Page 35: Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist
Displays the bones of the wrist (carpals), hand (metacarpals), and fingers (phalanges).
Page 36: Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Extremities
Components: Hip girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot.
Page 37: Anatomy of the Foot
Displays the bones of the foot, including tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Page 38: Comparison of Skeletons
Shows categorical differentiation between axial and appendicular skeletons visually with corresponding names.
Page 39: Differences Between Male and Female Skeletons
Size and Shape: Male skeleton larger; pelvic shape differences (deeper/narrow in males, broad/shallow in females).
Pelvic Inlet: Wider in females to facilitate childbirth.
Page 40: Visual Comparison of Pelvis Shapes
Illustrates structural differences between male and female pelvis.
Page 41: Age Differences and Environmental Factors
Mature skeleton state reached around age 25; density decreases after age 50.
Environmental Factors: Nutrition, mechanical stress, injury effects.
Page 42: Learning Objectives for Lesson 8.2
Joint Types: List and compare major joint types and examples.
Disorders: Name and describe major bone and joint disorders.
Page 43: Ligaments vs. Tendons
Ligaments: Connect bones together.
Tendons: Bind muscles to bones.
Page 44: Joints (Articulations)
Structures formed when bones join; essential for mobility.
All bones connect to at least one other bone (except for the hyoid).
Page 45: Joint Classification by Movement
Types:
Synarthrosis: No movement (e.g., cranial sutures).
Amphiarthrosis: Slight movement (e.g., pubic symphysis).
Page 46: Illustrative Joint Examples
Displays examples of synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints.
Page 47: Diarthrosis (Free Movement)
Most joint types, allowing for various degrees of movement, characterized by joint structures.
Page 48: Structure of Diarthrotic Joint
Key Features: Joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and joint capsule.
Page 49: Types of Diarthroses
Different joint types:
Ball-and-Socket: Ex: shoulder and hip.
Hinge: Ex: elbow and knee.
Pivot, Saddle, Gliding, and Condyloid.
Page 50: Types of Joint Movement
Overview and illustrations showcasing various types of joint movements available.
Page 51: Diarthrotic Joint Types
Visual representations of various diarthrotic joint types and their functions.
Page 52: Skeletal Conditions
Bone Tumors:
Osteosarcoma: Malignant bone tumor, aggressive nature, common in long bones.
Chondrosarcoma: Malignant cartilage tumor, often occurs in larger bones.
Page 53: Tumors Overview
Further details regarding osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.
Page 54: Metabolic Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis: Characterized by reduced bone density and increased fracture risk; influenced by genetics and lifestyle.
Treatable through medication and lifestyle adjustments.
Page 55: Other Metabolic Bone Diseases
Rickets (children) and Osteomalacia (adults): Both caused by vitamin deficiency.
Page 56: Paget Disease
Faulty remodeling of bones resulting in deformities; potential viral involvement.
Requires treatment for pain and bone stability.
Page 57: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Genetic condition leading to fragile bones; treatment includes internal rods and drugs to enhance bone stability.
Page 58: Bone Infection
Osteomyelitis: Bacterial infection of bone; challenging treatment requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Page 59: Bone Fractures
Types:
Open (compound) fractures: Piercing skin and susceptible to infection.
Closed (simple) fractures: Do not pierce skin; treated with casting.
Breaks categorized as complete/incomplete, linear, transverse, and oblique.
Page 60: Overview of Fractures
Further illustrations on various fracture types and implications.
Page 61: Joint Conditions: Noninflammatory
Osteoarthritis: Most common noninflammatory joint condition affecting weight-bearing joints.
Page 62: Osteoarthritis Illustration
Displays characteristic features of osteoarthritis.
Page 63: Noninflammatory Joint Injuries
Common injuries include dislocation, sprains, and strains.
Page 64: Inflammatory Joint Conditions
Arthritis: Inflammatory joint conditions; includes various forms caused by infections and autoimmune responses.
Page 65: Specific Inflammatory Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Systemic autoimmune condition.
Gouty Arthritis: Caused by sodium urate crystal formation.
Infectious Arthritis: Infection-induced joint inflammation.
Page 66: Rheumatoid Arthritis Illustration
Highlights features of rheumatoid arthritis.
Page 67: Gouty Arthritis Illustration
Provides visual details on gouty arthritis condition.
Page 68: Questions?
Opening for inquiries and discussion regarding the skeletal system.
NoteStudied by 38 peopleNoteStudied by 50 peopleNoteStudied by 48 peopleNoteStudied by 20 peopleNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 4 people
