Gr9 Technology

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for brain functions: thinking, memory, emotions, reasoning, sensory perception, and voluntary motor activity.

Cerebellum

Located at the back of the brain, it coordinates voluntary movements, balance, posture, and fine motor skills.

Midbrain

A portion of the brainstem that acts as a relay center for auditory and visual information and controls eye movements, motor control, and alertness.

Meninges

Protective layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover the brain and spinal cord, providing structural support and cushioning against physical impacts.

Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for processing sensory input, controlling voluntary motor output, and facilitating complex cognitive processes like decision-making and language.

Forebrain

The largest part of the brain, encompassing the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus, and responsible for sensory and motor functions, as well as cognition, emotions, and autonomic regulation.

Pons

Part of the brainstem that connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum, playing a role in motor control, sensory analysis, sleep, and regulating breathing.

Hindbrain

Includes the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons. It coordinates basic life-sustaining functions like heartbeat, breathing, and motor activity.

Oblongata

The lower part of the brainstem, controlling vital autonomic functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rhythms.

Medulla

Another term for the medulla oblongata (see above).

Spinal Cord

Transmits information between the brain and the rest of the body through sensory and motor neurons, and coordinates reflexes.

Hemispheres

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres (left and right). The left hemisphere is typically associated with logic, language, and analytical thinking, while the right is linked to creativity, spatial ability, and holistic thinking.

Brain

The central organ of the nervous system, controlling bodily functions, thought processes, emotions, and memory.

Pneumotaxic Center

Located in the pons, it regulates the respiratory rate by controlling the duration of inhalation, ensuring smooth breathing rhythms.

Carbohydrates

*for energy

Simple Carbs - digested quickly & rapid rise in blood sugar. Means u have a quick energy burst that lasts a shorter time

Complex carbs - digested slowly & steady blood sugar state. Means you have a slower energy release lasting throughout the day

Fats

*Satisfies hunger & gives flavour

Trans Fats - unsaturated fats that are processed. H atoms are added. Increases risks of heart disease

Monounsaturated fat - not saturated with H atoms. Healthier for you (protects against heart disease)

Saturated fat - solid at room temp. Raises “bad” cholesterol levels → increases risks of heart disease

Polyunsaturated fat - include omega-6 fatty acids & omega 3 fatty acids. Lowers “bad” cholesterol levels. Decreases risk of heart disease

Proteins

*For growth/repair of body tissues

Complete protein - contains 8 essential amino acids. Will be a animal source

Incomplete protein - does not contain all 8 essential amino acids. Will not be a animal source

Vitamins

Vitamin A - supports vision, immune function and skin health. Found in liver, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and eggs

Vitamin C - Boosts immunity, aids tissue repair, and helps iron absorption. Found in citrus fruits (lemon, oranges), strawberries, peppers, and tomatoes.

Vitamin D - helps calcium absorption, supports bones, and strengthens immunity. Found in sunlight, salmon, and fortified dairy.

Vitamin B12 - Essential for nerve function, red blood cell production, and energy metabolism. Found in meat, dairy, and fortified cereals.

Vitamin K - Aids blood clotting and bone health. Found in leafy greens, fish, and broccoli.

Vitamin E - Acts as an antioxidant, protects cells, and supports immune function. Found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

Minerals

Macronutrients:

Calcium: Vital for strong bones, teeth, and muscle function. Found in dairy, leafy greens, and fortified plant milk.

Potassium: Regulates fluid balance, muscle function, and nerve signaling. Found in bananas, potatoes, and spinach.

Sodium: Helps maintain fluid balance and nerve function. Found in salt, canned foods, and processed snacks.

Magnesium: Supports muscles, nerves, and bone health. Found in nuts, seeds, leafy greens, and whole grains.

Micronutrients:

Zinc: Important for immune function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. Found in meat, shellfish, legumes, and seeds.

Iron: Essential for oxygen transport in blood and energy production. Found in red meat, beans, and fortified cereals.

Iodine: Necessary for thyroid function and hormone production. Found in iodized salt, seafood, and dairy.

Water

*Most essential nutrient to sustain life

Regulating body temperature.

Aiding digestion and metabolism.

Preventing dehydration, which can cause fatigue and poor performance.

Minimum 1500mL per day is recommended.

Fibre

*NOT a nutrient

Aids digestion and waste elimination.

Found in fruit/vegetable skins, whole grains, and legumes.