Key Structures:
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin (DNA + proteins)
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Microtubule
Centrioles
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments (Actin)
Peroxisome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plasma Membrane
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Components:
Membrane-bound organelles
Derivation from the outer membrane of the nucleus
Transport facilitated by transport vesicles
Membrane-Bound Organelles:
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Chloroplast
Ribosome:
Small brown dots; sites for protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton:
Provides structure and support with components such as microfilaments and microtubules
Extracellular Structures:
Supportive structures surrounding the cell
Flagellum:
Motility structure composed of microtubules
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Network of membranous sacs; includes Rough and Smooth ER
Nuclear Envelope:
Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; continuous with ER
Nucleolus:
Involved in ribosome production
Golgi Apparatus:
Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
Lysosome:
Digestive organelle for macromolecules
Microvilli:
Projections to increase surface area
Chloroplast:
Photosynthetic organelle converting sunlight to energy
Cell Wall:
Maintains shape; protects from damage
Central Vacuole:
Functions in storage and plant growth
Components Found in Prokaryotic Cells:
a. DNA
b. Ribosomes
d. Cell Membrane
e. Cytoplasm
Nucleus:
Houses most DNA
Ribosomes synthesize proteins using DNA information
Nuclear Envelope:
Double membrane with nuclear pores
Maintains shape through nuclear lamina
Chromatin:
DNA organized into chromosomes; condenses for cell division
Nucleolus:
Site for rRNA synthesis
Function:
Sites of protein synthesis, found bound to ER or free in cytosol
Protein Synthesis Locations:
Bound ribosomes: synthesize proteins for plasma membrane, endomembrane system, or secretion
Free ribosomes: synthesize all other proteins
Components:
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Functionality:
Transport of molecular materials via vesicles
Structure:
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Divided into Smooth ER (no ribosomes) and Rough ER (ribosome-studded)
Functions:
Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification
Rough ER: protein synthesis due to ribosomes
Structure:
Composed of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
Functions:
Modifies, manufactures, sorts, and packages materials
Functionality:
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes for digestion
Enzymes function best in acidic conditions
Processes:
Phagocytosis: engulfing of cells and subsequent digestion
Autophagy: recycling of cell’s own organelles
Types of Vacuoles:
Food vacuoles from phagocytosis
Central vacuoles in plants for storage and turgor pressure maintenance
Functionality:
Lysosomes fuse for digestion
Golgi apparatus packages proteins for secretion
Endomembrane system provides transport and functional integration