ENG10 Q1 REVIEWER Notes

LESSON 1: INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

  • INFORMATION

    • an abstract concept that refers to that which has the power to inform

    • knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction

  • SOURCES OF INFORMATION

    • anything that might inform a person about something and provide knowledge to somebody

    • may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, videos, organizations

  • CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOURCES

    • PRIMARY SOURCES

    • provides direct or firsthand information about an event, person, object, or work of art

    • happened during a particular event or time period

    • EXAMPLES:

      • DIARY

      • INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT

      • NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

      • AUDIO RECORDINGS

      • AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

    • SECONDARY SOURCES

    • describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources

    • written well after the events they report on, and can put past information into its historical context

    • EXAMPLES:

      • DOCUMENTARIES

      • TEXTBOOKS (reference)

      • Websites

      • Books "on" the subject

      • Encyclopedias

      • Magazine articles

      • Biographies

    • TERTIARY SOURCES

    • serve as collection of primary and secondary sources

    • EXAMPLES:

      • INDEXES

      • ABSTRACTS

      • DIRECTORIES

      • BIBLIOGRAPHY

      • DATABASES

      • ALMANAC

      • WEBSITES

  • 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION

    1. Accuracy — information should be reliable, useful, free from flaws and of high quality

    2. Completeness — information should provide all needed details

    3. Timeliness — information should be up-to-date

    4. Consistency — information should be consistent for it to be considered accurate and useful

    5. Relevance — information should suit the demand, needs and interests of the readers

    6. Uniqueness — information should be distinct

Examples of common information sources mentioned include atlases, almanacs, and dictionaries.

LESSON 2: ACCESSIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS

  • EFFECTIVENESS

    • refers to the degree of being able to achieve the desired result based from their objective or purpose.

  • ACCESSIBILITY

    • refers to the quality of being easy to find, obtain and use.

  • TEXT - arrangement of words for them to be easily accessed.

  • IMAGE - provides additional information about the text or concept.

  • AUDIO - provides additional information through listening skills.

  • VIDEO - provides additional information through listening and viewing skills.

  • Information Sources (categories):

    • SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

    • documents written by experts or scholars discussing results of scholarly works like research

    • EXAMPLES:

      • Research project

      • Studies

    • BOOKS

    • source providing information in details segregated into chapters or parts; synthesized version of information

    • EXAMPLES:

      • Textbooks

      • Novels

    • GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

    • reports, censuses, policies, data and statistics issued and published by the government and its attached agencies

    • EXAMPLES:

      • Court / proceedings

      • Laws / orders

      • Reports / statistics

    • NEWS/MAGAZINE ARTICLES

    • source containing timely, brief and non-technical explanations of events or commentaries for the general public

    • contains opinions and news

    • EXAMPLES:

      • School paper

      • Major newspaper

      • Magazines

    • REFERENCE MATERIALS

    • sources providing answers to questions such as statistics, maps, background information

    • (re)directing to additional sources

    • factual

    • detailed

    • EXAMPLES:

      • Encyclopedias

LESSON 3: TEXTUAL AIDS

  • TEXTUAL AIDS

    • educational instrument, tools, or materials that provide support and facilitate understanding of the text

  • TYPES OF TEXTUAL AIDS

    • LINEAR TEXT

    • the most common ones

    • must be read from beginning to end

    • correct grammar and style is necessary

    • NON-LINEAR TEXT

    • do not require reading from beginning to end

    • use visuals such as pictures and graphs

  • 1. Cause and Effect Diagram

    • used to illustrate the cause-and-effect relationships known as the Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.

  • 2. Flow Diagram / chart

    • a sequence chart that shows series of events in order such as processes and sequence

  • 3. Venn Diagram

    • comparing two or more ideas, concepts, characters, places or things

    • useful in showing similarities and differences between or among ideas or concepts presented.

    • described as the most used textual aid

  • 4. Graphic Organizers

    • visual displays that have key content information

    • provide learners with structure for abstract concepts

    • usually created and designed for those who have trouble organizing information and thoughts

  • 5. Other forms

    • Other forms of non-textual information include:

    • concept maps

    • spider map

    • sensory observation chart

    • line graph, bar graph, pie graph

    • pictograph

    • infographics

    • They structure information visually or in pictures

    • Usually one-page forms with lots of blank areas so they're easy for students to skim before the lesson

LESSON 4: ELEMENT OF SHORT STORY

A. CHARACTERS

  • refer to persons, creatures or things serving as actors or movers in a story.

  • portraying roles with corresponding dialogues and plot lines.

  • 2 KINDS of CHARACTERS

    • PROTAGONIST — the leading character or one of the major characters in a story

    • ANTAGONIST — a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something

B. CHARACTERIZATION

  • a writer's tool to detail the personality of a character

  • a technique used to make characters "come to life"

  • 2 KINDS of CHARACTERIZATION

    • DIRECT — author reveals the personality and physical description of a character

    • INDIRECT — the reader must infer the traits and characteristics of the characters based on the text-evidence; the author does not directly reveal the characteristics

C. PLOT

  • the events that take place in a story

  • shows the arrangement of events to develop basic idea

  • 6 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLOT

    1. EXPOSITION — known as introduction; beginning of the story

    2. CONFLICT — any form of struggle the main character faces; one central struggle / minor obstacles within a dominant struggle

    • KINDS OF CONFLICT

      • 1) CHARACTER VS. SELF — Struggles with own soul, physical limitations, choices, etc.

      • 2) EXTERNAL — Struggle with a force outside oneself

        • a. CHARACTER VS. CHARACTER — Struggles against other people

        • b. CHARACTER VS. NATURE — Struggles against animals, weather, environment, etc.

      • 3) CHARACTER VS. SOCIETY — Struggle against ideas, practices, or customs of others

    1. RISING ACTION — the main characters face challenges; series of events that build tension and suspense

    2. CLIMAX — turning point of the story; this is when the problem reaches the high point of tension

    3. FALLING ACTION — where the resolution begins, and characters work to solve the conflict; events and complications start to fall into place

    4. RESOLUTION — known as conclusion

D. SETTING

  • refers to time and location when and where a story takes place

  • ASPECTS to CONSIDER for SETTING

    1. PLACE — geographical location

    2. TIME — where is the action of the story taking place? Historical period, time of day, year, etc. When is the story taking place?

    3. MOOD or ATMOSPHERE — What Feeling is created in the story?

LESSON 5: EVALUATING AND MAKING JUDGMENTS

  • SUBJECTIVE

    • is anything that is based on personal opinion, judgment, feelings, or point of view.

    • issue of fairness; someone's judgment is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences

  • OBJECTIVE

    • is factual and based on observations and measurements; sound and fair judgment

    • Set of criteria: Criteria - a set of standards and/or principles in judging a particular work, output or performance

  • Evaluating text

    • identify the writer's intentions, develop your analysis of the writer's choices and their impact on the reader

    • develop your evaluation of how successfully the writer has achieved their intention and its impact on the reader

  • MOST COMMON INDICATORS IN EVALUATING A TEXT

    • CONTENT — the idea, concept, focus or details of the subject matter as discussed in text; It usually answers the 5Ws and 1H

    • COHESION — the connection and organization of words, phrases, ideas, and concepts presented in the texts

    • GRAMMAR — deals with fluency and accuracy in terms of language structure and facility

    • MECHANICS — accuracy in punctuations and capitalization

    • WORD CHOICE

    • TONE — appropriateness of words, especially in terms of level of formality; the emotion or feelings attached as expressed by the texts

  • Additional note: The material mentions that characters portray specific roles with dialogues and plot lines, reinforcing how evaluation can apply to character portrayal in analysis.

Connections and real-world relevance across the notes:

  • Understanding primary, secondary, and tertiary sources helps in academic research, journalism, and evidence-based decision making.

  • Textual aids and graphic organizers support diverse learning styles and improve information retention, which is crucial for test preparation and professional work involving data visualization.

  • Knowledge of setting, character, and plot supports literary analysis, storytelling, and critical reading across languages and cultures.

  • Evaluating texts with objective criteria and awareness of subjectivity fosters fair critique in classrooms, publishing, and media literacy.