history notes normans

Pre-Norman England: Before October 1066, King Edward the Confessor led England, which was divided into seven earldoms (e.g., Mercia, Wessex). Key figures included the Godwin family, with Harold Godwinson as the king's chancellor. The Anglo-Saxon feudal system had Kings > Earls > Thanes > Churls > Peasants. England's population of 2 million had an average life expectancy of 31 years and a significant infant mortality rate.

Events Leading to the Norman Conquest: Edward's death on January 5, 1066, led the Witen to crown Harold Godwinson. Claimants included Harald Hardrada and William, Duke of Normandy. Hardrada invaded in September 1066 but was defeated by Harold at Stamford Bridge. William landed on October 14, leading to the Battle of Hastings on the same day, resulting in Harold's death and William's crowning on Christmas Day.

Changes Implemented by the Normans: Land was redistributed by William to Norman barons, enforcing loyalty through a new feudal hierarchy. Legal changes included forest laws and trial by battle. Economic reforms included the Domesday Book and the introduction of Jews for money lending.

Rebellions and Brutality: Resistance included the Harrying of the North led by Edgar the Atheling, with William responding with ruthless violence to suppress rebellions.

Reformation of the Church: William appointed Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury to combat church corruption and promote monasticism, ultimately influencing educational institutions like Oxford University.

Succession and Aftermath: After William's death in 1087, his sons contended for power, leading to significant church and governance issues under William Rufus and Henry.