Comprehensive Study Guide: The Human Circulatory and Transport System

Overview of the Transport System

  • Definition and Purpose: The Transport System, also known as the Circulatory System, is responsible for the movement of nutrients, products, and wastes throughout the body.

  • Primary Fluid: The fluid (tissue) that carries all transitions of body nutrients is known as BLOOD.

Composition of Blood: The Fluid Portion (Plasma)

  • Plasma Definition: Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood.

  • Physical Characteristics: It is described as being sticky and straw-colored.

  • Water Content: Plasma is composed of 90%90\% water.

  • Plasma Proteins and Components:     * Fibrinogen: A protein used specifically in the process of blood clotting.     * Serum Albumin: A protein that functions to keep water in the blood.     * Serum Globulins: These include ANTIBODIES, which are dissolved in the water of the plasma.

  • Inorganic Minerals in Plasma: Plasma contains several essential minerals, including:     * Calcium (CaCa)     * Sodium (NaNa)     * Magnesium (MgMg)     * Potassium (KK)

  • Digested Foods in Plasma (Nutrients): Nutrients are transported to body tissues, where some are stored. These include:     * Glucose     * Amino Acids     * Fatty Acids (F.A.)

  • Nitrogenous Wastes in Plasma:     * Urea: Produced from protein metabolism. It is produced primarily in the LIVER during the breakdown of amino acids.     * Excretion Route: Nitrogenous wastes travel through the plasma to the organs of EXCRETION, specifically the Kidneys.

Formed Elements of Blood (Corpuscles)

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Shape: Disk-shaped. The notes illustrate both a "Top" (circular) and "Side" (biconcave) view.

  • Production Location: Produced in the RED BONE MARROW.

  • Quantity/Size: Very small, with a count of approximately 25,000,000,000,00025,000,000,000,000 per person.

  • Life Span: Erythrocytes live for a duration of 2020 to 120120 days.

  • Filtration: Worn-out RBCs are filtered out of the blood in the SPLEEN and the LIVER.

  • Nuclei: In humans and other mammals, red blood cells lose their NUCLEI by the time they enter the bloodstream.

  • Hemoglobin: A red pigment that attracts O2O_2.

  • Primary Function: The transportation of oxygen (O2O_2).

White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)

  • Differences from RBCs:     1. Size: They are LARGER than red blood cells.     2. Pigmentation: They contain NO HEMOGLOBIN.     3. Nuclei: They HAVE NUCLEI.     4. Movement: They possess the ability for movement.

  • Production Location: Produced in the bone MARROW and lymph glands.

  • Primary Function: Defense against INFECTIONS. They engulf bacteria and can enter tissue areas by moving through capillary walls.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Physical Description: Irregularly shaped and colorless.

  • Production Location: Formed in the red bone marrow.

  • Primary Function: BLOOD CLOTTING.

Blood Disorders

  • Anemia: Characterized by a reduction in hemoglobin levels.

  • Leukemia: Defined as a MALIGNANT TUMOR of the bone marrow or lymph glands. In this condition, these tissues "go wild," producing enormous amounts of WBCs. As a result, RBCs are crowded out. The liver often enlarges in an attempt to correct the condition.

Blood Typing and Transfusions

  • Antigens: Proteins that stimulate antibody production. They are located on the surface of the Red Blood Cells and determine blood types.

  • Antibodies: Immune substances found in the blood and body tissues.

  • Agglutination: The process where blood cells stick together (clotting). An example is mixing Type A blood with Type B blood.

  • Specific Blood Types:     * Type A (37%37\%): Contains Antigen A and Antibody Anti-B. Can receive blood from types A and O. Can give blood to types A and AB.     * Type B (12%12\%): Contains Antigen B and Antibody Anti-A. Can receive blood from types B and O. Can give blood to types B and AB.     * Type AB (4%4\%): Contains Antigens A and B. Contains NONE (no) antibodies. Can receive blood from ALL types. Can give blood to type AB.     * Type O (45%45\%): Contains NONE (no) antigens. Contains Antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B. Can receive blood from type O. Can give blood to ALL types.

  • Universal Donor: Type O−O-.

  • Universal Recipient: Type AB+AB+.

The Vascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Overview: Blood moves through a system of tubes or vessels of varying sizes.

  • Arteries: Carry blood AWAY from the heart.

  • Arterioles: Defined as the SMALLEST arteries.

  • Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels, only ONE cell thick. This is where all EXCHANGE of materials occurs.

  • Venules: Defined as the SMALLEST veins.

  • Veins: Carry blood TOWARD the heart.

Circulation Circuits

  • Double Pump System: The heart acts as a double pump:     1. Left Side: Pumps blood to the BODY.     2. Right Side: Pumps blood to the LUNGS.

  • Pulmonary Circulation: Carries blood from the HEART to the LUNGS and back to the heart.

  • Systemic Circulation: Carries oxygen-rich blood from the HEART to the BODY.     * Coronary Circulation: Circulation through the HEART itself.     * Renal Circulation: Carries blood into and out of the KIDNEYS.     * Portal Circulation: Carries nutrients absorbed from the INTESTINE to the LIVER.

The Lymphatic System and Heart Physiology

The Lymph

  • Functions:     1. Transports NUTRIENTS and OXYGEN to cells from the blood.     2. Transports WASTE away from cells.

  • Lymph Nodes (Glands): These are glands filled with WBCs designed to REMOVE abnormal cells from the lymph.

Origin of the Heartbeat

  • Source: The heartbeat begins in the heart, NOT in the brain.

  • S-A Node (Right Atrium): Known as the "PACEMAKER". It stimulates the heart to contract.

  • A-V Node: Carries the stimulation to the VENTRICLES.

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