AP World History Unit 3
3.1 Empires Expand
What were the characteristics of land-based/gunpowder empires?
land-based: power derived from territorial holdings
were expanding geographically in this time period
main cause of expansion: adoption of gunpowder weapons
Ottoman Empire: rose in 14th century after the fall of the Mongol empire
Expanded rapidly with two reasons:
Controlled the Dardanelles, a strateigc chokepoint which they used to launch their expansions
Adopted gunpoweder weapons
Under Mehmed ll, sacked Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it to Istanbul with the use of gunpowder weapons
Savafid Empire: rose from Mongol ashes in 1500s
grew under Shah Ismal, who declared itself Shi’a muslim which caused tension with neighboring Sunni states
grew rapidly under Shah Abbas & adopted gunpowder weapons
Mughal Empire: replaced the Delhi Sultanate in 16th century under Babur
made use of military armed with gunpowder cannons and guns to expand empire
expanded even further under Akbar (Babur’s grandson)
religiously tolerant
masterful administrator of the empire
under his rule, the Mughal became the most prosperous empire of the 16th century
Qing Dynasty: replaced the Ming dynasty (who expanded with gunpowder) when internal conflict allowed Northern Manchu tribe to invade and establish the Qing Dynasty
40-year militaery campaign to reconquer Ming territory including Taiwan
Were not ethnically Han but Manchu
Rivalries
Savafid-Mughal Conflict: series of wars fought in the 17th century between the two empires
fought over the Persian Gulf
Sunni vs Shi’a confict
No clear winner
Songhai-Morrocan Conflict
Songhai had expanded and grew rich through Trans-Saharan trade but when weakened by internal conflict, the Morrocans took this opportunity and invaded with gunpowder weapons
3.2 Empires: Administration
Define “legitimize” and “consolidate”
Legitimze- show who was in charge
Consolidate- take power from others to increase their own
What was the Devshrime System and how did it impact the Ottoman bureaucracies and their military?
The devshirme system allowed the Ottoman to staff their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individual who were enslaved
enslaved Christian slaves sent to Turkish families to learn the language and sent to Istanbul to get an Islamic education
some joined the military while others continued their studies to join the bureaucracy
The devshrime system privded elite militarry professionals (Christian Jannisaries) who were a major part of the ottoman standing amry.
How was religion used to legitimze and consolidate power?
Divine Right: European Christian monarchs had the approval of god to rule
Human Sacrifice: Aztec rulers showed their power through big sacrifice rituals
How was art used to legitimze and consolidate power?
Emperor Kongxi portrayed following tradtional Confucian values in art in order to legitimize his power towards his Han subjects even though he was Manchu
How was architecture used to legitimze and consolidate power?
Palace of Versailles: built for King Louis XIV
its grandeur showed his power and wealth
also forced nobles to live in the palace, allowing him to control them, and consolidate power
Inca Sun Temple: walls and courtyard in gold
since rulers were consider descendants of gods, the temple allowed them to legitimize their power
What were some taxing systems to finance the expansion of empires?
Zaminder System (Mughal): the government appointed local land owners known as zaminders to collect taxes for the emperor
combatted Hindu population’s suspicions towards Muslim rulers
extened imperial authoruty and consolidated imperial power
Tax Farming (Ottomans): the right to collect taxes from a group of people was given to the highest bidder
providded a steady source of income in the begining of the year for the government from the bidding
did not have to pay the tax collectors since they weren’t par of the government and paid themselves by collecteg more than legally requirede
3.3 Empires: Belief Systems
Christianity was the _____ religion in Europe and became a shared cultural glue.
dominant
What was the first massive spilt in the Christianity called?
The Great Schism 1054
Roman Catholic
Eastern orthodox
Protestant Reformation
The church was rich and powerful, buidling great structures like the St. Peters Basicla
In order to pay for their activities, they started practicing the selling of indulgences (pay to get rid of sins and spend less time in purgatory) and simony (selling high church positions)
waning confidence in the church
Martin Luther did not see anything in the Bible that allowed such practices
Wrote a series of complaints known as the 95 thesis which denounced their corrriped prsctices and nailed it on the door of a church
the church excommunicated him and declared him a heretic
Though he wasn’t the first to challegne the church, it was his work that led to the Protestant Reformation and the split of the church
the prinitng press allowed him to spread ideas rapidly thoguhout Europe
Counter-Reformation: the church gathered in the Council of Trent and tossed out corrupt practices and made reforms to attract Protestants back
kept belief of salvation by faith and nature of biblical authority
made Catholic and Protestant split permanent
Effects of the split
rulers either remained Catholic or forced Protestantism among subjects
led to a seires of religious wars in Europe until 1648
Islam in the Middle East
Ottomans and Safavids wanted to beat back each other and win territory for themslevs
Ottomans eventually got the upperhand
Because of this political rivalry, the split between Sunni and Shia branches intensified
Changes in South Asia: Muslims (Mughal) held power in the South Asian Hindu region
Bhakti Movement was very similar to Sufism so cultural exchange occured
Sikhism: syncretic relgion between Islam and Hinduism
Continuties: some doctorines held onto such as one god and reincarnartion
Change: some distinctions discarded such as the caste system and gender heirachies