UNIT TWO

2.1, cont.

12. Peace of Augsburg

• the peace treaty signed by Charles V and the catholic church to abolish it’s religious intolerance and take away power from the catholic church. 

13. animism

• everything has souls

• connection to nature

• shaman: communications with nature’s spirits

14. 3 Sisters Crops

• maize, beans, and squash

• Crops like these from the Americas grew well in Afro Eurasia, too, which helped them grow their populations

• when grown together, they grow well

15. chiefdom

• The chief rules the community, could be monarchy or elected council

16. matrilineal

• Trace your family through your mom (pretty universal amongst natives in north America)

• opposite of patriarchy 

17. Two-Spirits

• people would have spirits of both men and women

18. Taino

• first people to have contact with Columbus

• died of disease, population wiped

2.1 Europe & the Americas, Part II

1. town charter

• A piece of paper that says this town is independent. City constitution

2. guilds

• individuals were grouped based on skills and occupation, like a cartel

• membership was a little restricted

• high members of guilds were powerful in government

• sometimes women were in guilds

3. bills of exchange

• letter for a trade, promise to pay back original amount + interest

• early form of credit

• led to more wars

4. Humanism

• intellectual movement

• result of exposure to classical texts

• emphasized the fact that humans have the capability to gain their own knowledge

• obsessed with Greek culture

5. Renaissance 

• initial emergence with the expansion of humanist influence

• intellectual growth away from the Catholic Church

• 1300-1600

• more “accessible” amongst upper class, serfs had nothing

6. Black Death

• 1347-1351

• slowly leads to end of serfdom

• rapidly by trade networks (i.e., silk road)

7. patronage

• wealthy donor that supports artists

• rich people found ways to raise their legitimacy, increases their prestige

• cause of the Renaissance

8. printing press

• Facilitates the spread of knowledge and increased literacy

• could buy book from author, sell copies of the book

• led to short, angry pamphlets

9. lateen sail

• sail make boat fast - navigational technology

10. caravel

• big ship go across sea - trading technology 

11. Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther

  • thought Catholic Church was corrupt, publishes 95 theses (all the things wrong with the Catholic Church) → leads to Protestant Reformation

  • didn’t have bad intentions, just wanted to point out the facts, maybe change it a little

• a bunch of people go against the Catholic Church government could break away from the Church

2.2 The Columbian Exchange

2. How did silver affect China?

19. Columbian Exchange

• How Afro Eurasia and the Americas get connected

20. staple foods

• High calorie foods.

21. cassava

• cassava root is high in fat and originated in South America, but was brought to africa to grow in similar conditions

22. smallpox

• disease that was detrimental to Indigenous people. Europeans were not as affected by these types of diseases in the Americas, they were more adapted

23. transatlantic trade

• the one in the middle