Shoulder Girdle
Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle: Attachment for upper limbs to trunk
Bones of the shoulder girdle: Scapula and Clavicle
Glenohumeral Joint: Scapula & humerus
Key Bony Landmarks:
Manubrium
Clavicle
Acromial end
Sternal end
Act as a brace to hold shoulder girdle/arms away from thorax
Curved shape fractures anteriorly
Coracoid process
Acromion process
Glenoid fossa
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Medial border
Superior angle
Spine of the scapula (aka: scapular spine)
Joints and Joint Movements
Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint: Diarthrodial/synovial joint (arthrodial); multiaxial
Movements: anteriorly 15º (protraction); posteriorly 15º (retraction); superiorly 45º (elevation); inferiorly 5º (depression); slight rotary movement at SC joint
Anterior: sternoclavicular ligament
Posterior: sternoclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular & interclavicular ligaments provide stability against superior displacement
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint: Coracoclavicular joint: syndesmotic-type joint to enhance the stability of AC joint
Coraclavicular ligaments
Acromioclavicular ligaments
Often injured
. Scapulothoracic Joint: Lacks ligamentous support but supported dynamically by its muscles
Movements: 25º abduction-adduction; 60º upward-downward rotation; 55º elevation-depression
Abduction (protraction): scapula moves laterally away from spinal column
Adduction (retraction): scapula moves medially toward spinal column
Depression: downward or inferior movement
Elevation: upward or superior movement, as in shrugging shoulders
Downward rotation:moving inferior angle inferomedially toward spinal column & glenoid fossa downward
Upward rotation: turning glenoid fossa upward & moving inferior angle superolaterally away from spinal column
Lateral tilt (outward tilt): during abduction; scapula rotates about its vertical (“long”) axis resulting in posterior movement of medial border & anterior movement of lateral border
Medial tilt (inward tilt): during extreme adduction; scapula rotates about its vertical axis resulting in anterior movement of medial border & posterior movement of lateral border
Anterior tilt (upward tilt): rotational movement of scapula about lateral/frontal axis occurring during glenohumeral hyperextension; superior border moving anteroinferiorly & inferior angle moving posterosuperiorly
Posterior tilt (downward tilt):rotational movement of scapula about lateral/frontal axis occurring during glenohumeral hyperflexion; superior border moving posteroinferiorly & inferior angle moving anterosuperiorly
Shoulder girdle muscles: synergy with muscles of glenohumeral joint
Muscles of the shoulder girdle contract to maintain scapula in a relatively static position during shoulder joint actions
Muscles of the shoulder girdle contract to move shoulder girdle & enhance movement of upper extremity
Shoulder girdle movements = scapula movements
Shoulder joint & shoulder girdle work together in carrying out upper extremity activities
Shoulder Girdle: Musculature
Trapezius: upper, middle, lower portions
Upper fibers: elevation of scapula, extension & rotation of head
Middle fibers: elevation, upward rotation & adduction
Lower fibers: depression, adduction & upward rotation
Rhomboids – deep: Major, minor
Rhomboid major & minor muscles work together
Adduction (retraction): draw scapula toward spinal column
Downward rotation: from upward rotated position they draw scapula into downward rotation
Elevation: slight upward movement accompanying adduction
Levator scapula
Elevates the medial margin of the scapula
Weak downward rotation
Weak adduction
Serratus anterior
Abduction (protraction): draws medial border of scapula away from vertebrae
Upward rotation: longer, lower fibers tend to draw inferior angle of scapula farther away from vertebrae, thus rotating scapula upward slightly
Pectoralis minor – deep
Abduction (protraction): draws scapula forward & tends to tilt lower border away from ribs
Downward rotation: as it abducts, it draws scapula downward
Depression: when scapula is rotated upward, it assists in depression
Aggregate Muscle Actions: Scapular Abduction
Scapula moves laterally away from vertebral column without rotation
Examples: push-ups, bench press
Agonists: Pectoralis minor; Serratus anterior
Aggregate Muscle Actions: Scapular Adduction
Return from abduction
Occurs with retractions
Agonists: Trapezius (Middle, lower fibers; Rhomboids
Aggregate Muscle Actions: Scapula Upward Rotation
Lateral & upward movement
Agonists: Trapezius (Middle, lower fibers) Serratus anterior
Aggregate Muscle Actions: Scapula Downward Rotation
Glenoid fossa is rotated downward when downward movement of shoulder joint occurs
Example: Lat Pulls
Agonists: Pectoralis minor; Rhomboids
Aggregate Muscle Actions:Scapula Elevation
Lifting scapula without rotation in anatomic position
Example: shoulder shrug
Agonists: Levator scapula; Trapezius (upper fibers); Rhomboids
Aggregate Muscle Actions: Scapula Depression
Agonists: Trapezius; Lower fibers; Pectoralis minor