pathology

appendicitis

  • mcburney's point is 2/3 from umbilical cord to the hip


    rebound tenderness→push on mcburney point=painful


  • rovsing's sign→push LLQ⇒pain in RLQ (bc of mesentery)


  • psoas test→hip flexor ‘


  • heel tap→dorsally flex and tap heel


  • obturator test→


  • “ mesenteric adenitis→Inflammation of lymph nodes in the mesentery.


  • cholescystitis→Inflammation of the gallbladder.


  • triple A (abdominal aortic aneurysm)→An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta in the abdomen.


  • crohn's disease→inflammation of ileum (third portion of small intesine)


  • symptoms→subjective, what patient tells you, like headaches


  • signs→objectives, what we can see; like edema


  • prognostic→future and outcomes, TNM scale


  • anamnestic→point to past like medical history


  • diagnostic→identify current, like blood test


  • pathognomic→linking condition to full certainty, like covid test


  • addressing pain - OPQRST


  • O→onset, when did pain start



  • P→provocation, what makes the pain worse


  • Q→quality, what kind and how painful


  • R→radiates, where does it hurt the most and spread


  • S→severity


  • T→time


  • X-rays

    barium sulfate→intestinal tract

  • /

    radiopaque oil→bronchogram


  • cardiac catheterization→blood flow through heart


  • intravenous pyelogram→urinary tracts


  • radiopaque tablets→visualize gallstone


  • arteogram→visualize blood flow


  • radiopaque→appears white on film


  • radiolucent→appears dark


  • x-ray→x-rays through body tissues, beam travels in only 1 direction


  • CT→2d x-ray that can be stacked to form 3d image, detect abnormality in organs, higher dose of radiation that x-ray


  • MRI→high power magnet that can rearrange water molecules in body, soft tissue resolution, no radiation


  • MRI→T1 v T2

  • T1→enhances fatty tissue as white, CSF is black

    T2→fatty tissue as grey, enchases signal of water, CSF is white


  • Diagnostic Test of Electrical activity

    ECG (electrocardiogram)→measures serial changes in electrical activity of heart in various phases in cardiac cycles; abnormal heart rate and muscle injury


  • EEG (electroencephalogram)→measures electrical activity of brain and brain waves


  • EMG (electromyogram)→measures electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest


  • NCV→nerve conduction velocity study



    • Endoscopy

      tube with lens and light source


    • bronchoscope→trachea and major bronchi


    • colonoscopy→colon


    • cystoscope→bladder


    • laparoscope→abdomen


    • ultrasound→mapping echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves traveling through body; echos reflect change in tissue density to produce images


  • necrosis→premature death of cells and living tissue


    • dry gangrene→gray/black tissue, can develop into wet


    • wet gangrene→greenish white pus, foul smelling


    • caseous→cheese like consistency, tannish white color


    • fibrinoid→inflammation of nodules in joints


    • liquefactive→dissolves tissue that turns liquid


    • gaseous→releases exotoxins


  • four stages of somatic death

    • 1st→algor mortis, cooling of body to room temo

    • 2nd→livor mortis, ecchymosis (bruising) and hypostasis (blood and fluid pooling)

    • 3rd→rigor mortis, stiffening of joints after death

    • 4th→postmortis oltilistic, self-digestive decomposition


  • posmortem autolysis

    • 1st→decompostion, self digestion


    • 2nd→maceration, softening tissues due to enzymes


    • 3rd→putrefaction, decaying, abdomen turns greenish color


    • 4th→skeletonization, no soft tissue, skeleton exposed

    • .

  • noxious gases related to protein hydrolosis


    • putrescine→amino acid: ornithine


    • cadaverine→amino acid: lysine


  • Cardinal signs

    • rubor→redness/erythema

    • tumor→swelling/edema

    • calor→increased heat

    • dolor→nociception/pain

    • functio laesa→loss of function


  • white blood cells→never let my engine blow

    • never→neutrophils, 60%

    • let→lymphocytes, 30%

    • my→monocytes, 5%

    • engine, eosinophils, 4%

    • blow→basophils, 0%


  • exudate→fluid produced by wound that is normal part of healing


  • - serous→primarily fluid, little protein (blisters)


  • serosanguineous→clear, thin, pink


    • sanguineous→thin, watery, red


      • sanguine→blood


    • purulent→opaque, milky, green (pus)


    • hemopurulent→purulent and red tinged (pus)


    • hemorrhagic→increased red blood cells, red and thik

      • hemo→blood


      fibrinous→rich in fibronogen, coagulates and forms fibrin, sticky film on surface


    • catarrhal→cloudy mucous, rhinnorrhea (runny nose)


    • adhesions→bands of fibrous tissues that bind adjacent tissue together


  • exudate quantification

    • 1→nonpresent, wound is dry


    • 2→scant, wound is moist with no evidence of bandage


    • 3→small/minimal, exudate covers less than 25% of bandage


    • 4→moderate, wound is wet with 25-75% exudate covering bandage


    • large/copious→wound is seeping and covers over 75% bandage


  • Inflammation

    • pyrexia→due to varying normal body temp around 37C or 98.6 F

      • fever is→above 38C or 100.4F


    • macrophages→release endogenous pyrogen, Interleukin-I and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) that stimulate the release of cyclooxygenase (COX) in hypothalamus that causes fever


    • tylenol reduces fever how→Tylenol inhibits COX enzymes from making prostaglandins, reducing the fever response.


      • prostaglandins cause fever (pyretic)


      • most common→PGE2


  • Acute Inflammatory Process Sequences

    • congestion→capillaries dilate, vessels become permeable


    • exudation→leaking of plasma, immune reaction through diapedesis and chemotaxis


    • suppuration→pus formation, WBC and cell debris


    • resolution→response ends or becomes chronic


  • How does WBC leave capillary


    • margination→WBC normally flowing are attached to peripheral wall of vessel


    • rolling→roll, tumble, and heap on themselves


    • adhesions→adhere to vessel wall


    • trasmigration (diapedesis)→squeezing through interstitial space


  • Lesions

    • abscess→circumscribed collection of pus and inflamed tissue


    • ulcer→open sore/lesion, inflamed nectrotic tissue


    • furuncle→abscess or infection of sweat gland or hair follice


    • carbuncle→multiple boils with pus and dead tissue


    • cellulitis or plegmon→diffuse, non-circumscribed inflammatory infiltration of tissue


    • pustule→small, circumscribed elevation (pimple) has pus


    • vesicle→blister