Untitled Flashcard Set

Neo-Confucianism :: Revival and reinterpretation of Confucian ideas during the Song Dynasty that blended Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist concepts; emphasized order, morality, and filial piety.

Censorate :: Chinese government agency that monitored officials and investigated corruption in imperial China.

Hangzhou (Song capital) :: Capital of the Southern Song Dynasty; major center of trade, culture, and urban life in China.

Foot binding :: Chinese practice of tightly binding girls’ feet to keep them small as a sign of beauty and status.

“middle kingdom” :: Chinese belief that China was the cultural and political center of the world.

Kowtow :: Ritual bowing practice showing respect and submission to the Chinese emperor.

Xiongnu :: Nomadic confederation north of China that frequently fought with Chinese dynasties.

Sultanate of Delhi :: Muslim state that ruled much of northern India from the 1200s to the 1500s.

Sufis :: Islamic mystics who emphasized personal spiritual experience and helped spread Islam.

Kabir :: Indian poet and mystic who criticized religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims.

Sikhism :: Religion founded by Guru Nanak in India combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Timbuktu :: Major West African trading and Islamic learning center in Mali.

Mexica :: Indigenous people who founded the Aztec Empire.

Triple Alliance :: Alliance between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan that formed the Aztec Empire.

Tenochtitlan :: Capital city of the Aztec Empire located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

Chinampas, aka “floating gardens” :: Artificial farming islands used by the Aztecs to increase agricultural production.

Huitzilopochtli :: Aztec sun and war god who required human sacrifices.

Quechua :: Language of the Inca Empire and many Andean peoples.

Gender Parallelism :: Inca concept where men and women had separate but complementary roles.

Yuan Dynasty :: Mongol dynasty established in China by Kublai Khan.

Khubilai Khan :: Grandson of Genghis Khan who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Hulegu :: Mongol ruler who conquered Baghdad and founded the Ilkhanate.

Khutulun :: Mongol princess and skilled warrior known for wrestling victories.

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde :: Mongol state that ruled Russia and parts of Eastern Europe.

Monsoon winds :: Seasonal wind patterns in the Indian Ocean that facilitated trade.

Swahili language :: Language blending Bantu and Arabic influences used in East African trade cities.

Great Zimbabwe :: Powerful African trading kingdom known for massive stone structures.

Jenne-Jeno :: Early West African trading city in the Niger River region.

Camel caravans :: Groups of camels used to transport goods across deserts, especially the Sahara.

Encomienda and Repartimiento :: Spanish labor systems forcing Indigenous people to work for colonists.

Peninsulares, Creoles, & Mestizos :: Social classes in colonial Latin America: Spanish-born elites, American-born Spaniards, and mixed-race people.

Tupac Amaru Revolt :: Late 1700s Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in Peru.

Middle Passage :: Forced voyage transporting enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean.

Cowrie shells :: Shells used as currency in parts of Africa and Asia.

Kingdom of Dahomey :: West African kingdom involved heavily in the Atlantic slave trade.

Queen Nzinga :: Central African ruler who resisted Portuguese expansion and slave trading.

British East India Company :: English trading company that gained political and economic control in India.

Dutch East India Company :: Dutch trading company dominant in Asian trade during the 1600s.

Potosi, Bolivia :: Major Spanish silver mining center in the Andes.

Gunpowder empires :: Empires such as the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal that used gunpowder weapons to expand power.

Janissaries :: Elite Ottoman infantry troops recruited through the devshirme system.

Sati :: Hindu practice in which a widow burned herself on her husband’s funeral pyre.

Jizya :: Tax paid by non-Muslims living under Islamic rule.

Devshirme :: Ottoman system of collecting Christian boys for military or government service.

Soft gold :: Fur traded from Siberia and northern Eurasia, especially valuable in Russia.

Qing Dynasty :: Last imperial dynasty of China founded by the Manchus.

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) :: Agreement between Russia and Qing China establishing borders and trade relations.

Declaration of Independence :: 1776 document announcing the American colonies’ independence from Britain.

Creoles :: People of European descent born in the Americas.

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos :: Mexican priests who led early independence movements against Spain.

Simon Bolivar :: South American revolutionary leader known as “The Liberator.”

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen :: French Revolution document promoting liberty and equality.

Olympe de Gouges :: French activist who argued for women’s rights during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte :: French military leader who became emperor and spread revolutionary ideas through Europe.

Toussaint Louverture :: Leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought to end slavery.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines :: Haitian revolutionary leader who declared Haiti independent.

“Independence debt” :: Money Haiti was forced to pay France after gaining independence.

Seneca Falls :: 1848 women’s rights convention in New York.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton :: American women’s rights leader and organizer of Seneca Falls.

National American Woman Suffrage Association :: Organization that campaigned for women’s voting rights in the United States.

Kartini :: Indonesian advocate for women’s education and rights.

Huda Sharawi :: Egyptian feminist leader who advocated for women’s rights and education.

Steam Engine :: Machine powered by steam that drove industrialization.

Second Industrial Revolution :: Period of rapid industrial growth in the late 1800s featuring steel, electricity, and chemicals.

Middle Class :: Social group between the wealthy elite and working class that grew during industrialization.

Robert Owen :: Early socialist reformer who improved factory conditions.

Karl Marx :: Philosopher who developed communism and criticized capitalism.

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party :: Marxist political party in Russia that later split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

The Crimean War (1854-1856) :: Conflict involving Russia against the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France.

caudillos :: Military strongmen who dominated politics in Latin America after independence.

Mexican Revolution of 1910 :: Revolution against dictatorship that led to major social and political reforms in Mexico.

King Leopold of Belgium :: Belgian king who brutally exploited the Congo Free State.

Taiping Uprising :: Massive rebellion against the Qing Dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan.

Opium Wars :: Wars between Britain and China over the opium trade that weakened Qing China.

Self-Strengthening :: Qing reform movement attempting to modernize China using Western technology.

Boxer Uprising :: Anti-foreign rebellion in China around 1900.

Hundred Days of Reform :: Short-lived Qing reform effort to modernize China in 1898.

Bolsheviks :: Radical Marxist faction led by Lenin that seized power in Russia.

Vladimir Lenin :: Leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet Union.

Guomindang :: Chinese Nationalist Party led by Sun Yat-sen and later Chiang Kai-shek.

Mao Zedong :: Communist leader who founded the People’s Republic of China.

Stalin and Mao :: Communist leaders of the Soviet Union and China known for authoritarian rule and economic reforms.

Zhenotdel :: Soviet government department promoting women’s rights after the Russian Revolution.

Collectivization :: Soviet policy forcing peasants into collective farms.

Five-Year Plans :: Soviet economic programs focused on rapid industrialization.

Great Leap Forward :: Mao’s campaign to rapidly industrialize and collectivize China, causing widespread famine.

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution :: Mao’s movement to remove capitalist influences and reinforce communism in China.

Terror/Great Purges :: Stalin’s campaigns of political repression and executions in the Soviet Union.

Rape of Nanjing :: Mass killings and atrocities committed by Japanese troops in Nanjing during World War II.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki :: Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in 1945.

Rosie the Riveter :: Symbol representing women workers during World War II.

The Holocaust :: Nazi genocide that killed six million Jews and millions of others.

United Nations :: International organization founded after World War II to promote peace and cooperation.

Indian National Congress :: Political organization that led the Indian independence movement.

Mohandas Gandhi :: Leader of Indian independence who used nonviolent resistance.

Satyagraha :: Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience.

Muslim League :: Political organization advocating for Muslims in India and creation of Pakistan.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah :: Leader of the Muslim League and founder of Pakistan.

Deng Xiaoping :: Chinese leader who introduced market-oriented economic reforms.

Mikhail Gorbachev :: Last leader of the Soviet Union who introduced reforms.

perestroika :: Gorbachev’s policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union.

glasnost :: Gorbachev’s policy of openness and increased freedom of expression in the Soviet Union.