Pharmacy History & Key Concepts (Summary)

Formulary: list of prescription medications covered by a health insurance plan; includes brand-name and generic drugs.
Apothecary: person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.
Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoeia): official reference book listing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations, providing standards for their production, identification, and use.
Drug etymology: the word drug comes from the Greek word pharmakon.
Early contributors/terms: Shen Nung, Theophrastus, Hippocrates, Galen; Theophrastus researched medicinal herbs; Papyrus Ebers collected Rx; Hippocratic Oath; Galenicals.

Origins of medicine and pharmacy shaped by Greek and Chinese/healing traditions.
The word drug derives from pharmakon.
Key figures: Shen Nung, Theophrastus, Hippocrates, Galen.
Theophrastus studied medicinal herbs; Papyrus Ebers collected ~800 prescriptions; Hippocrates' oath guided patient care; Galenals referenced in historical practice.

Monks in Europe used herbs and animal components to treat illness.
Middle Eastern healers separated the roles of apothecary and physician.
13th century Sicily first to separate pharmacists and physicians in practice.
15th century Nuovo Receptario became the first official pharmacopoeia; European apothecaries followed.
Question to consider: why separate physician and pharmacist? (Historical rationale related to safety, specialization and standards.)

1617: first organized pharmacists’ association in England.
American colonies: John Winthrop established the first apothecary.
Pioneers: Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf and Elizabeth Marshall as notable female pharmacists.
John Morgan encouraged physicians to write prescriptions in the mid-18th century.

Pharmacists practiced in hospitals and advocated for medicine–pharmacy separation.
William Procter, Jr. regarded as the father of American pharmacy; helped create the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in $1820$ .
First U.S. college of pharmacy: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (est. $1821$ ).
American Pharmacists Association (APhA) founded in $1852$ .
Main goal: establish medication standards.

$1900s$ : Traditional era – form and dispense from natural sources.
$1930s$ : Scientific era – new medications and testing (e.g., antibiotics).
$1960s$ : Clinical era – pharmacists provide medication information, warnings, advice.
Pharmaceutical era (20th century–present): patient-centered care.

Origins: first technicians developed as pharmacy assistants in the United States armed forces.
21st century: pharmacists and technicians collaborate to improve safety and outcomes.
Programs like Medication Therapy Management (MTM) and medication reconciliation evolve the role of pharmacy technicians.

Safety becomes a primary goal.
Medication Therapy Management (MTM): a set of services to optimize therapeutic outcomes for individual patients; involves pharmacists and other clinicians.
Medication Reconciliation: process of reviewing patient medications to avoid omissions, duplicates, dosing errors, and potential interactions.

Task: design a modernized symbol of medicine or a new symbol.
Deliverables: sketch the symbol and provide a reasoning/explanation; propose a new name for the symbol.