Biology Semester Exam Review 

  1. species: a particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding and produce fertile offspring
  2. hypothesis: a specific and testable proposed answer to a scientific question
  3. organism: an individual living thing
  4. constants: (controlled variables) conditions that don’t change in an experiment
  5. quantitative data: data in an experiment that includes numeric measurements
  6. qualitative data: descriptive data in an experiment
  7. control: experimental group in which all conditions are the same; independent variable not applied
  8. independent variable: manipulated or changed variable in an experiment
  9. dependent variable: observed or measured variable in an experiment
    1. experiment: process of testing a hypothesis
    2. theory: proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experiment results
    3. acid: a solution that has a pH below 7
    4. base: a solution that has a pH above 7
    5. enzyme: a chemical in a living thing that speeds up reactions
    6. covalent: bond between atoms that share electrons
    7. ionic: bond between atoms that have gained and lost electrons (+ & - charged atoms)
    8. ion: an atom that has lost or gained electrons
    9. protons: positive particles in an atom
    10. electrons: negative particles in an atom
    11. neutrons: neutral particles in an atom
    12. protons & neutrons: particles found in the nucleus of an atom
    13. atomic number: the number on the periodic table which gives the number of protons
    14. cohesion: property of water that allows insects to walk on water
    15. high specific heat: property of water that helps mammals keep a constant internal temperature
    16. adhesion & cohesion: two properties of water that help water move up the roots of plants to the leaves
    17. solvent ability: property of water that allows the cytoplasm to store chemical for reactions
    18. homeostasis: the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism
    19. biology: the scientific study of all forms of life
    20. metabolism: the sum of all the chemical processes that build up or break down materials in living things
    21. adaptation: an inherited trait that helps an organism to survive in its environment
    22. unicellular: an organism made up of one cell
    23. multicellular: an organism made up of many cells
    24. reactants: chemicals that are changed in a reaction
    25. products: chemicals that are created in a reaction
    26. carbohydrates: fructose, starch , and glycogen are all examples of this type of carbon-based molecule
    27. lipids: fats and oils are examples of this type of carbon-based molecules
    28. amino acids: monomers of proteins
    29. glycerol & fatty acids: monomers of lipids (there are two of them)
    30. hydrogen: water’s unique properties are attributed to ______________ bonds
    31. light: a microscope which is used to observe live specimens, uses light and can magnify up to 1500 times
    32. SEM: a microscope which can magnify up to 100,000 times and creates a 3-D image
    33. TEM: a microscope which can magnify up to 100,000 times and creates a 2-D image
    34. cytoplasm: jellylike substance inside of a cell that contains dissolved molecular building blocks
    35. prokaryotic: cell that contains no nucleus
    36. eukaryotic: cell that contains a nucleus
    37. cell membrane: part of the cell that controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell
    38. compound: a substance made up of different elements bonded together in a specific ratio
    39. cytoskeleton: part of the cell that gives it its shape and allows movement within the cell
    40. nucleolus: part of the cell that makes ribosomes
    41. ribosomes: part of the cell that assembles proteins
    42. Golgi apparatus: part of the cell that modifies and packages proteins
    43. mitochondria: part of the cell responsible for manufacturing ATP
    44. vacuole: part of the cell responsible for storing materials (plant cells usually have one)
    45. lysosome: part of the cell that contain enzymes to defend cell & break down old organelles
    46. cell wall: part of the cell found outside the cell membrane in plant, fungi and bacterial cells
    47. activation: enzymes lower the _______________________ energy of a reaction
    48. pH & temp: the factors that affect enzymes
    49. nitrogen: Proteins contain C, H, O and what element?