Fluid Mechanics Principles, Conversions, and Material Properties

  • Mechanics: The field of science focused on the motion of material bodies, involving concepts like force, energy, motion, and deformation.
  • Fluid Mechanics: The branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of fluids at rest or in motion.
  • Solid Mechanics: The study of materials in the solid phase.
  • Fluid Statics: The study of fluids at rest.
  • Fluid Dynamics: The study of fluids in motion.
  • Density ( ho): Mass per unit volume of a fluid.
  • Specific Weight (extγext{γ}): The gravitational force per unit volume of fluid, expressed mathematically as ext{γ} = rac{W}{V} =
    ho g.
  • Specific Volume (vv): The volume occupied per unit mass of fluid, given by v = rac{V}{m} = rac{1}{
    ho}.
  • Specific Gravity (s.g.s.g.): The dimensionless ratio of the specific weight or density of a fluid to that of water at standard reference temperature (4ext🌡C4^ ext{🌡C}), expressed as s.g. = rac{
    ho{ ext{fluid}}}{ ho{ ext{water}}}.
  • Dynamic Viscosity (extμext{μ}): A measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow or deformation under shear stress.
  • Kinematic Viscosity (ν\nu): The ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density, given by
    u = rac{ ext{μ}}{
    ho}.
  • Surface Tension (extσext{σ}): A property of a liquid where it tends to minimize its surface area, resulting from cohesive intermolecular attraction, measured as force per unit length.
  • Compressibility: The measure of the change in volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure, reflecting how much a fluid can be reduced under pressure.
  • Ideal Fluid: An imaginary fluid that is incompressible and has no viscosity (extμ=0ext{μ} = 0).
  • Real Fluid: A fluid that possesses viscosity and is present in the real world.
  • Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid in which shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
  • Non-Newtonian Fluid: A fluid where shear stress is not proportional to the shear strain rate, exhibiting complex flow behavior.
  • Capillarity: The behavior of liquids in narrow tubes due to the balance between cohesive forces within the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube.