Key Points on the Great Migration and African American History

Great Migration Overview

  • Starting in the 1890s, African Americans began migrating from the South to the North and West, known as the Great Migration.

  • This was a response to harsh living conditions under Jim Crow laws and systemic oppression.

Reasons for Migration

  • Economic hardships and threats to safety drove African Americans to seek opportunities elsewhere.

  • Large-scale migration resulted in the transformation of the racial makeup of northern cities.

Jim Crow Laws Impact

  • Jim Crow laws enforced segregation and relegated African Americans to second-class citizenship.

  • Lynchings were a common form of racial violence used to maintain white supremacy.

Influence of Leaders

  • Booker T. Washington advocated for economic self-sufficiency and cooperation between races but discouraged migration.

  • W.E.B. Du Bois promoted the idea of the 'Talented Tenth,' stressing the need for educated leaders to fight for civil rights.

Artistic Movements

  • The Harlem Renaissance marked a significant cultural movement, showcasing the artistic contributions of African Americans.

  • Jazz emerged as a quintessential American art form during this time.

Economic Empowerment

  • Black-owned businesses began to thrive, particularly in areas like Greenwood, Tulsa, despite facing violent pushback from white communities.

  • The success of these businesses fostered a sense of self-sufficiency and community.

Racial Violence and Backlash

  • Racial tensions escalated after World War I, with the return of black soldiers contributing to the competition for jobs and triggering violence.

  • The Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 exemplified the violent response to black prosperity, resulting in significant loss of life and property.

The Role of Media and Narrative

  • Negative portrayals of African Americans in media, including films and caricatures, were used to justify racial violence and oppression.

  • Counter-narratives, such as Du Bois’ American Negro exhibit in 1900, challenged these stereotypes and showcased African American dignity and success.