14 men

Phineas Gage – personality & impulse control depend on the frontal lobe

Mnemonic: “Gage lost his gauge” → no impulse control

H.M. (Henry Molaison) – hippocampus is required for forming new memories (anterograde amnesia)

Mnemonic: “H.M. = Hippocampus Missing”

Thomas Willis – early localization: specific brain damage → specific behavior

Mnemonic: “Willis = Where it is matters”

Jean-Pierre Flourens – aggregate field theory: brain works as a whole, functions spread out

Mnemonic: “Flourens = functions FLOUR everywhere”

John Hughlings Jackson – topographic organization; cortex maps the body

Mnemonic: “Jackson = body map like a jacket on the brain”

Paul Broca – speech production localized to left frontal cortex

Mnemonic: “Broca = broken talking”

Golgi – brain is a syncytium (one continuous mass); developed staining method

Mnemonic: “Golgi = GOOPy brain”

Ramon y Cajal – neuron doctrine: brain made of individual neurons

Mnemonic: “Cajal = cells are separate”

Korbinian Brodmann – divided cortex into 52 areas based on cellular structure

Mnemonic: “Brodmann = brain maps”

Wilder Penfield – motor & sensory homunculus via brain stimulation (epilepsy surgery)

Mnemonic: “Penfield = poke brain, parts move”

William James – Father of American Psychology; functionalism

Mnemonic: “James = just functions”

Edward Thorndike – law of effect: rewarded behaviors repeat

Mnemonic: “Thorndike = THOR rewards the worthy”

John Watson – behaviorism: only observable behavior matters

Mnemonic: “Watson watches behavior”

George Miller – rejected behaviorism; cognitive revolution (mental processes matter)

Mnemonic: “Miller = mind matters”