US History Midterm
• 13th - 19th Amendments
13th = officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
14th = granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the country
15th = guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
16th = grants Congress the authority to issue an income tax without having to determine it based on population.
17th = removed from state legislatures the power to choose U.S. Senators and gave that power directly to voters in each state
18th = illegalized the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol
19th = makes it illegal to deny the right to vote to any citizen based on their sex
• Jane Adams
co founded and led Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in North America
(Hull House) = provided child care, practical and cultural training and education, and other services to the largely immigrant population of its Chicago neighborhood
• Americanization
the action of making a person or thing American in character or nationality.
• American Federation of Labor
help make safe, equitable workplaces and give working people a collective voice to address workplace injustices without the fear of retaliation
• Bargain or Compromise of 1877
was an informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era.
• Battle of Little Big Horn
pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
The Sioux and Cheyenne had won the Battle of the Little Bighorn, killing Custer and every one of his men.
• Battle of U.S. Maine
an explosion of unknown origin sank the battleship U.S.S
Maine in the Havana, Cuba harbor, killing 266 of the 354 crew members
leading to a naval blockade of Cuba and a declaration of war
• Black Codes
laws passed at different periods in the southern United States to enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of Black voters
• Bolshevik Revolution
the effort to transform backward Russia into a modern industrial state that could be independent of the outside world
• Boss Tweed
notable for being the boss of Tammany Hall
convicted of stealing an estimated $25 million dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
an American leader in the women's rights movement
formulated the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States
• Andrew Carnegie
leading the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century
paid for thousands of church organs in the United States and around the world
establish numerous colleges, schools, nonprofit organizations
• Carrie Chapman Catt
one of the key leaders of the American women's suffrage movement
• Calvin Coolidge
cleaned up corruption in the federal government
provided a model of stability and respectability for the American people in this decade of fast-paced modernization
• Chinese Exclusion Act
provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
• Civil Service Act
guarantee the rights of all citizens to compete for federal jobs without preferential treatment given based on politics, race, religion or origin
• CPI
The Consumer Price Index (CPI)
measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services
• Common School
goals of the common school movement were to provide a free education for white children, to train and educate teachers, and to establish state control over public schools
advanced other progressive ideals popular at the time
Schools were free, locally funded and governed, regulated to some degree by the state, and open to all White children.
• Cowboys
a horseman skilled at handling cattle
• George Creel
director of the CPI
job is to advertise and promote the war
used public relations techniques to sell Liberty Bonds, promote food conservation, and build the Red Cross
used art, pictures and posters to sell America
• George Armstrong Custer
Union cavalry officer in the American Civil War (1861–65) and a U.S. commander in wars against Native Americans over control of the Great Plains
• Dawes Act
authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals
• Equal Rights Amendment
to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
• Eugene Debbs
American Socialist leader and five time presidential candidate
created the Social Democratic Party of America
received nearly one million votes for president while he was imprisoned in jail
• Daughters of the Confederacy
descendants of Confederate soldiers, sailors, and patriots
honoring their memory by various activities in the fields of education, history and charity, promoting patriotism and good citizenship
• W.E.B. Du Bois
the independence of African colonies from European powers
believed social change could be accomplished only through agitation and protest
• Thomas Edison
inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as improving the telegraph and telephone
• Ellis Island
America's largest and most active immigration station
• Espionage and Sedition Acts
made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort or government
crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing"
• Flapper
fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior.
• Henry Ford
founder of Ford Motor Company
changed the auto industry forever by introducing the moving assembly line to car production
• Freedmen’s Bureau
An agency created by the government that helped and protected newly freed african americans find jobs, homes, education, and a better life.
• Fundamentalism
religious belief that maintains the literal truth of the worlds in a holy book
form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture
• Marcus Garvey
founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
UNIA = aimed to achieve Black nationalism through the celebration of African history and culture
organized the United States' first Black nationalist movement
• Great Depression
a severe, world -wide economic disintegration symbolized in the United States by the stock market crash on "Black Thursday", October 24, 1929
• Great Migration
mass movement was to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow
• Ghost Dance
represented an attempt of Native Americans in the western United States to rehabilitate their traditional cultures
• Emma Goldman
championed women's equality, free love, workers' rights, free universal education regardless of race or gender, and anarchism
• Warren G. Harding
signed the Budget and Accounting Act, which established the country's first formal budgeting process and created the Bureau of the Budget.
taxes were reduced especially for corporations and the wealthy
high protective tariffs were enacted to help promote the success of American businesses
• Harlem Renaissance
a period of U.S. history marked by a burst of creativity within the African American community in the areas of art, music and literature
• Haymarket Affair
a violent confrontation between police and labor protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle for workers' rights.
turning point in American labor because it led to the formation of the American Federation of Labor, thus reforming labor and unionism in America, and inspiring a passion for labor and leadership
• William Big Bill Haywood
a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
• Herbert Hoover
July 21 – Hoover signs the Emergency Relief and Construction Act into law.
July 22 – Hoover signs the Federal Home Loan Bank Act into law.
July 28 – Hoover orders the United States Army to clear Bonus Army protests from Washington, D.C.
• Helen Hunt Jackson
Her book brought to light the injustices enacted upon the Native Americans as it chronicled the ruthlessness of white settlers in their greed for land, wealth, and power.
Century of Dishonor
• Horizontal Integration
when a company acquires or merges with another company in the same industry that is operating at the same level in the value chain
• Immigration Act of 1924
limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota.
• Indian Citizenship Act
granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples
• International Workers of the World
a labor organization that sought to organize workers along the lines of industrial unions rather than the specialized trade, or craft, unions of the American Federation of Labor
• William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate in 1896 that advocated in free silver movement, farming interests and improved conditions for the urban working class
• Henry Johnson
nickname “Black Death.”
Defending Allied lines, he saved a fellow Soldier from capture and prevented a German raid from reaching his French allies
• Andrew Johnson
assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
freed all his personal slaves
• Knights of Labor
the first major labor organization in the United States
organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked
• Ku Klux Klan
goals included the political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern Blacks after the Civil War
• Robert La Follette
launched the National Progressive Republican League
organization devoted to passing progressive laws such as primary elections, the direct election of U.S. senators, and referendums.
• League of Nations
an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
• Liberty of Contract
the ability of parties to bargain and create the terms of their agreement as they desire without outside interference from the government
• Abraham Lincoln
became the United States' 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863.
• Lost Cause
an American pseudohistorical and historical negationist myth that claims the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery
• Lusitania
a British passenger ship that held americans and was sunk by german torpedoes
• Model A Car
the Ford Motor Company's second market success
• Moral Imperialism
attempts to impose moral standards from one particular culture, geopolitical region or culture onto other cultures, regions or countries
• John Muir
most famous naturalist and conservationist
writing inspired people to protect our country's wild places, fueling the formation of the National Park Service and the modern conservation movement
• Muckrakers
journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government
• Muller v. Oregon
upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours.
provided a maximum ten hour day for all industrial workers but allowed employees to work overtime for another three hours if their employers paid them time and a half.
• NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation
• Nativism
the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants, including by supporting immigration-restriction measures.
• New Negro
term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation
• New Woman
women of affluence and sensitivity, who despite or perhaps because of their wealth exhibited an independent spirit and were accustomed to acting on their own
• Panama Canal Zone
a 10 mile strip of land over which the US was given unending sovereignty by the Panamanian government and where the Panama Canal was built
• Alice Paul
advocated for and helped secure passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, granting women the right to vote.
• Plessy v. Ferguson
case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregated, "equal but separate" public accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the 14th amendment. This ruling made segregation legal.
• Populists
wanted to curtail the power of the corporate and financial establishment.
• Prohibition
to protect individuals and families from the “scourge of drunkenness.”
• Progressives
interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society.
These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.
• Pullman Strike
a widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the U.S. Midwest in June–July 1894.
• Pure Food and Drug Act
prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Radical Republicans
led efforts after the war to establish civil rights for former slaves and fully implement emancipation
• Red Scare of 1919 - 1920
many in the United States feared recent immigrants and dissidents, particularly those who embraced communist, socialist, or anarchist ideology
• Red Summer of 1919
white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas
• Redeemers
white landowning farmers who benefited from the old social order in the South.
• Robber Barons
successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical
• John D. Rockefeller
founded the Standard Oil Company
Provided to charities
• Franklin Roosevelt
spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing the New Deal in response to the economic crisis
• Teddy Roosevelt
promoted policies more to the left, despite growing opposition from Republican leaders
• Roosevelt Corollary
nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.
• Sacco-Vanzetti Case
charged with committing robbery and murder at the Slater and Morrill shoe factory
• Margaret Sanger
founded the American Birth Control League, the precursor to the Planned Parenthood Federation
• Scientific Management
a management theory that analyzes work flows to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.
• Sharecropping
a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year
• Benjamin Pap Singleton
leading African American migrations from the post-Reconstruction South into Kansas
• Socialism
economic system in which major industries are owned by the workers themselves, rather than by private businesses or the state
• Social Gospel
a movement in American Protestant Christianity especially in the first part of the 20th century to bring the social order into conformity with Christian principles
• Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
• Society of American Indians
to address the problems facing Native Americans, such as ways to improve health, education, civil rights, and local government
• Spanish American War
a conflict between the United States and Spain that effectively ended Spain's role as a colonial power in the New World
• Stock Market Crash
a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s
• Ida Tarbell
founded the American Magazine in 1906
exposed how Rockefeller was corrupt, and making bad decisions for his workers, and company
• Mary Church Terrell
challenged segregation in public places
An influential educator and activist
• Tulsa Massacre
Killed hundreds of residents, and burned thousands of homes (black residents)
• Frederick Jackson Turner
argued that the frontier had made the United States unique
• Vertical Integration
occurs when a company attempts to broaden its footprint across the supply chain or manufacturing process
• Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary
fought against the regimes of both Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta
notorious in the United States for his attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916
• Booker T. Washington
an educator and reformer
concentrate instead on improving job skills and usefulness through manual labor
• Welfare Capitalism
a business-favored policy that believes the private sector can provide social welfare programs more effectively than the federal government.
• Ida B. Wells
African-American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s
• Tom Watson
American Populist and white supremacist politician, attorney, newspaper editor, and writer from Georgia
• “White Man’s Burden”
a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed
• WCTU
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
focusing primarily on prohibition (anti-alcohol)
• The Woman’ Era
demonstrated that the club's members actively participated in the suffrage discussion. The journal published notices of local suffrage events, updates on legislative movement, and pro-suffrage editorials.
• Woodrow Wilson
changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I
leading architect of the League of Nations