Age of Reformations Test 2

1435: Development of Devil's Sabbath  

- Refers to growing folklore and religious teachings in medieval Europe about witches and their gatherings, often portrayed as secret nighttime assemblies where they supposedly engaged in satanic rituals.

1491-1556: Ignatius of Loyola  

- A Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He was a central figure in the Counter-Reformation, emphasizing education, missionary work, and spiritual renewal.

1522: Spiritual Exercises  

- A book written by Ignatius of Loyola, outlining a structured program of meditations, prayers, and exercises to deepen one's relationship with God.

1545-1563: Council of Trent  

- A major Catholic Church council aimed at addressing issues raised by the Protestant Reformation, clarifying Catholic doctrine, and reforming Church practices.

1563: Start of baroque style (runs to 1750)  

- Refers to the emergence of Baroque art, music, and architecture, characterized by dramatic expression, grandeur, and emotional intensity.

1552-1610: Matteo Ricci  

- An Italian Jesuit missionary who brought Catholicism to China, blending Western and Chinese cultural elements in his efforts to spread Christianity.

1585-1642: Cardinal Richelieu  

- A French clergyman and statesman who served as Louis XIII's chief minister. He strengthened royal power and centralized France’s government.

1600: Confessionalization begins (roughly)  

- The process of defining and enforcing religious identities (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed) within European states, shaping political and social life.

1605: Flourishing of court masques  

- Refers to the popularity of elaborate theatrical performances in the courts of England and Europe, combining music, dance, and poetry.

1617: Book of Sports  

- A declaration by King James I of England allowing certain recreational activities on Sundays, which caused controversy with Puritans who sought strict Sabbath observance.

1618: Canons of Dordt  

- Decisions made by the Synod of Dort (Dordrecht) in response to the theological disputes of Arminianism, affirming Calvinist doctrines on predestination and grace.

1638-1715: Louis XIV, absolute monarchy  

- The reign of the French king known as the "Sun King," who centralized power, expanded France’s influence, and built the Palace of Versailles.

1640-1660: Long Parliament  

- An English Parliament that played a central role in the events leading to the English Civil War, challenging the authority of King Charles I.

1642-1660: English Civil Wars, Roundheads  

- A series of conflicts between Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads), leading to Charles I's execution and a brief republican government.

1646: Westminster Shorter Catechism  

- A summary of Christian doctrine created by the Westminster Assembly, widely used in Presbyterian and Reformed churches.

1651: Hobbes Leviathan  

- A seminal work of political philosophy by Thomas Hobbes, advocating for a strong central authority to avoid societal chaos.

1655-1660: Vermeer Officer and Laughing Girl  

- A painting by Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer, exemplifying his mastery of light and intimate domestic scenes.

1665: Great Plague  

- The last major outbreak of the bubonic plague in England, killing tens of thousands, particularly in London.

1675: Pietists  

- A movement within Lutheranism emphasizing personal faith, devotional life, and practical Christianity, as opposed to formalism.

1685-1759: George Frideric Handel  

- A Baroque composer known for his operas, oratorios (e.g., Messiah), and instrumental music.

1688: Glorious Revolution  

- The overthrow of King James II of England by William of Orange and Mary II, leading to constitutional monarchy and Protestant dominance.

1689: London Baptist Confession of Faith  

- A statement of Baptist beliefs reflecting Reformed theology, produced by Particular Baptists in London.

1695-1700: Darien Scheme  

- A failed Scottish attempt to establish a colony in Panama, leading to financial ruin and eventual political union with England.

1700: Growth of cottage system  

- The expansion of the domestic system of production, where goods were made at home by individual workers, often for larger markets.

1707: Treaty of Union  

- An agreement uniting the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into Great Britain.

1720: South Sea Bubble  

- A financial crash caused by speculation in the South Sea Company, leading to economic hardship in Britain.

1722: Moravians  

- A Protestant denomination traced to Count Zinzendorf’s leadership and the original Unity of the Brethren (1457), focusing on missions and communal living.

1737: The Whole Duty of a Woman  

- A conduct book offering advice on piety, morality, and domestic responsibilities for women in 18th-century England.

1740: Enlightened absolutism, Frederick the Great  

- A governance style where monarchs like Frederick the Great of Prussia implemented reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideals while maintaining absolute power.

1756-1763: Seven Years' War  

- A global conflict involving major European powers, fought in Europe, North America (French and Indian War), and India, reshaping colonial empires.

1791: Methodists (dated to death of John Wesley)  

- Refers to the formalization of Methodism as a Christian denomination after the death of its founder, John Wesley.