Group work

1. What bacterium causes anthrax?
   Answer: Bacillus anthracis

2. Which bacteria are commonly associated with cellulitis?
   Answer: Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

3. What organisms may cause acute endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic heart valve?
   Answer: Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus

4. Name two bacteria that can cause impetigo.
   Answer: Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

5. Which organisms are known to cause conjunctivitis?
   Answer: Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia trachomatis

6. What is the typical causative agent of neonatal meningitis?
   Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

7. Which bacterium causes meningitis in an 18-month-old child?
   Answer: Hemophilus influenzae

8. What organisms are associated with adult meningitis?
   Answer: Neisseria meningitidis (especially in pre-teens and young adults without a vaccine) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (common in elderly and immunocompromised individuals)

9. What bacterium is responsible for causing the plague?
   Answer: Yersinia pestis

10. Which bacterial group typically causes subacute bacterial endocarditis?
    Answer: Streptococcus viridans or Streptococcus mutans

11. What bacterium is associated with skin scalded syndrome?
    Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

12. What bacterium causes undulant fever?
    Answer: Brucella

13. Which virus causes the vesicular disease commonly known as chickenpox?
    Answer: Varicella (also known as Herpes zoster in its reactivated form)

Disease Transmission Mechanisms

1. How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?
   Answer: Direct contact, usually through inhalation.

2. How is infant botulism most commonly contracted?
   Answer: Ingestion of contaminated food.

3. What is the transmission method for Lyme disease?
   Answer: Vector bite (usually a tick bite).

4. How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause eye infections in newborns?
   Answer: Passage through the birth canal.

5. What is the typical transmission route for subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by Streptococcus viridans?
   Answer: Endogenous, from the person's own normal flora.

6. How is neonatal meningitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae usually acquired?
   Answer: Passage through the birth canal.

7. What is the primary method of transmission for cutaneous anthrax?
   Answer: Contact with an infected animal.

8. How is tetanus typically transmitted?
   Answer: Contact with infected soil or water.

9. How is Rickettsia transmitted to humans?
   Answer: Vector bite.

10. How is Zika virus most commonly transmitted?
    Answer: Vector bite (often from mosquitoes).

11. What is the primary transmission method for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis?
    Answer: Direct contact.

Specimens and Pathogen Identification

1. Is Staphylococcus epidermidis typically considered normal flora or a pathogen? Where is it found?
   Answer: Normal flora, usually found on the skin.

2. Is Staphylococcus aureus considered normal flora or a pathogen, and where is it commonly found?
   Answer: Pathogen, commonly found on the skin and in blood (especially in cases of endocarditis).

3. Is Neisseria meningitidis found in CSF considered a pathogen or normal flora?
   Answer: Pathogen.

4. Is HIV considered normal flora or a pathogen, and where is it detected?
   Answer: Pathogen, detected in blood.

5. Where is Streptococcus viridans commonly found, and is it normal flora or a pathogen?
   Answer: Normal flora, found in the oral cavity.

6. Is Listeria monocytogenes found in the CSF considered normal flora or a pathogen?
   Answer: Pathogen.

7. Is Haemophilus influenzae found in sputum a pathogen or normal flora?
   Answer: Pathogen.