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Progressive Movement

1. When: Late 19th century to early 20th century (roughly 1890-1920).

2. Leaders: Prominent political and social figures including:

   • Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt (Square Deal), William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson (New Freedom).

   • Reformers: Jane Addams, Ida B. Wells, Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis.

3. Members: Middle-class reformers, women, journalists (muckrakers), urban professionals, and labor leaders.

4. Primary Goals:

   • Government Reform: Direct democracy (recall, initiative, referendum), direct election of senators (17th Amendment).

   • Economic Regulation: Breaking up trusts, regulating railroads, labor laws.

   • Social Justice: Addressing urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and women/child labor.

   • Moral Reform: Temperance movement, Prohibition (18th Amendment).

5. Role of Government:

   • Increased federal intervention in regulating business and improving public welfare.

   • Promoted efficiency and professionalism in government.

   • Addressed political corruption.

6. Problems Exposed:

   • Unsafe working conditions (Triangle Shirtwaist Fire).

   • Urban poverty (How the Other Half Lives).

   • Monopolies/trust abuses (Northern Securities Case 1904).

   • Political corruption (The Shame of the Cities).

   • Discrimination against immigrants and minorities.

Key Details:

• 1st Profession to Establish Strict Standards: Medicine, with the establishment of medical licensing and standards.

• Where Women First Got the Right to Vote: Western states like Wyoming (1869) and Colorado led early suffrage efforts before the 19th Amendment (1920).

• Reasons for Anti-Immigration Sentiment:

  • Fear of job competition from unskilled immigrant labor.

  • Belief that immigrants could not assimilate into American society.

  • Rise of nativism and eugenics theories.

• Immigration Patterns (1607-1930):

  • Early immigrants: English, Dutch, French.

  • Mid-1800s: Irish and German (potato famine, revolutions).

  • Late-1800s/early 1900s: Southern and Eastern Europeans (Italians, Jews, Poles, Russians).

• Theodore Roosevelt's Positions:

  • Square Deal: Conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, consumer protection.

  • Trust-Busting: Northern Securities Case broke up railroad monopolies.

  • Supported labor in disputes like the Anthracite Coal Strike.

  • Advocated for government regulation (Pure Food and Drug Act).

• Northern Securities Case (1904):

  • Roosevelt challenged J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company, which monopolized railroads.

  • Supreme Court dissolved the trust under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

• Mid-term Elections of 1910:

  • Democrats gained seats as backlash against Taft’s policies, signaling a split in the Republican Party.

New Freedom (Woodrow Wilson)

• Goal: Restore economic competition by limiting big business and reducing government power.

• Key Provisions:

  • Clayton Antitrust Act: Strengthened antitrust laws.

  • Federal Reserve Act: Created a central banking system to stabilize the economy.

  • Underwood Tariff: Lowered tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax.

New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)

• Goal: Strong government regulation to promote social justice and equality.

• Key Provisions:

  • Regulation of large corporations (not complete destruction).

  • Social welfare programs (minimum wage, workers’ compensation).

  • Women’s suffrage and labor rights.

Women’s Rights Movement (Progressive Era)

• Led by groups like NAWSA and NWP (National Woman’s Party).

• Key figures: Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul.

• Achieved the 19th Amendment (1920), granting women’s suffrage.

National Prohibition Movement

• Aimed to eliminate alcohol consumption, driven by moral and social concerns.

• Led by:

  • Anti-Saloon League.

  • Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

• Resulted in the 18th Amendment (1919), prohibiting alcohol production and sale.