Pediatric Nursing Flashcards

Vaccines for a One-Year-Old (12 Months): * Substances to administer: MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Varicella, and DTaP. * Acronym/Mnemonic for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis vaccines: * DTaP: Used for "small" children (infants/toddlers). * Tdap: Used for "tall" children (adolescents/adults).
Vaccines for School-Aged Children and Adolescents: * 11-Year-Old Well Visit: Administer Tdap (Remembering "T is for tall"). * 15-Year-Old MMR Administration: The primary contraindication for administering the MMR vaccine is if the patient is immunocompromised. * College Students: Recommended to receive the Meningitis vaccine.
Vaccines for Newborns: * The Hepatitis B (Hep B) vaccine must be administered before the baby leaves the hospital.
Injection Technique for Preschoolers: * Needle Size: $1.8/0.5\,\text{inches}$ . * Location: Deltoid muscle.
General Administration Procedures: * Penicillin IM Injection: Should be injected at a $90^{\circ}$ angle. * Transdermal Patches: When using transdermal patches at home, the client must correctly identify the need to clean the area before application.

Weight Progression: * The infant's weight usually doubles by the age of $6\,\text{months}$ . * The infant's weight usually triples by the age of $12\,\text{months}$ .
Physical Findings and Reflexes: * Moro Reflex: This reflex should naturally end by $3$ to $4\,\text{months}$ of age. If a nurse assesses a positive Moro reflex in a $9\,\text{month old}$ infant, it requires further investigation. * Fontanels Closure: * Anterior Fontanel: Closes at approximately $18\,\text{months}$ . * Posterior Fontanel: Closes at approximately $2\,\text{months}$ . * Ear Assessment: The light reflex should be observed in the $07:00$ position during the assessment of a child's ears.
Puberty and Sexual Maturation in Boys: * First Sign of Maturation: Penis enlargement. * Health Program Data for Parents: Information regarding pubertal changes should include growth spurts, height increases, changes in voice, the appearance of pubic hair, and enlarged testes.

Erikson’s Stages of Development (Toddlers): * The primary psychosocial stage for a toddler is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (often referred to as Autonomy and Shame).
Cognitive Characteristics and Behaviors: * Animism: Demonstrated when a preschool-aged child attributes lifelike qualities to inanimate objects (e.g., stating a doll is "scared of the dark"). * Magical Thinking/Fears: If a child believes there is a monster in the closet, the appropriate intervention is to provide a night light.
Parenting Styles: * Authoritarian: Characterized by rigid rules and expectations of absolute obedience (e.g., a family member saying, "My child knows she better do what I say").

Newborn and Infant Respiratory Assessment: * Normal Respiratory Rate: $30$ to $60\,\text{breaths/min}$ . * Apnea: Periods of apnea exceeding $20\,\text{seconds}$ should be reported immediately. * Signs of Respiratory Distress: Retractions, grunting, and nasal flaring.
Infant Vital Sign Ranges: * Temperature: $97.7^{\circ}\text{F}$ to $99.3^{\circ}\text{F}$ . * Evaluation Threshold for Fever: Temperature over $100.4^{\circ}\text{F}$ . * Heart Rate: $109$ to $164\,\text{bpm}$ . * Respiration: $30$ to $60\,\text{breaths/min}$ (brief apnea under $10\,\text{seconds}$ is considered normal). * Blood Pressure: Typically measured at $64/41\,\text{mmHg}$ . * Oxygen Saturation ( $O_2$ ): $95\%$ to $100\%$ .
Toddler Vital Signs: * The most common method for taking a toddler's temperature is the axillary (armpit) method.
Assessment Techniques: * Pulse Calculation: The heart rate should be measured at the apex of the heart for a full duration of one minute. * Adolescent Spine: Curvature of the spine in an adolescent is identified as scoliosis. * Pain Identification (6-Month-Old): A furrowed brow is a physical indicator that a $6\,\text{month old}$ is in pain.

Spina Bifida: Care for patients with spina bifida must be provided in a latex-free environment.
Phenylketonuria (PKU): The plan of care for a newborn with a new diagnosis of PKU must include a low-protein diet.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Often characterized by repetitive movements.
Nutrition and Newborn Health: * Low Birth Weight: Can lead to a diagnosis of "Failure to Thrive." * Jaundice Prevention: Feedings should be initiated within $4\,\text{hours}$ after birth to help prevent jaundice.
Safety: * A car seat should always be anchored to the vehicle.

Hospitalized Children: * Sleep Integrity: To help a child who has trouble sleeping in the hospital, the nurse should maintain their established routine. * Medication Resistance: If a child resists taking medication, the nurse should offer choices such as juice or water to facilitate communication and cooperation.
Hospice and Palliative Care: * Eligibility for Hospice: Includes terminal conditions such as breast cancer, terminal lung cancer, and end-stage kidney disease. * Hospice Care Goals: Correct understanding of care includes the management of symptoms like dyspnea (shortness of breath). * Anticipatory Grieving: This is the expected emotional response for a patient or family dealing with metastatic liver cancer.