Final Exam

Module 8 — Nervous System InfectionsNeisseria meningitidis

  • Pathogenesis

  • Virulence factors

  • Transmission

  • Epidemiology

Cryptococcus neoformans

  • Transmission

  • Epidemiology

Meningitis

  • Most common cause

  • Most deadly cause

Brain Diseases

  • Meningitis

  • Encephalitis

  • Meningoencephalitis

  • What body part is inflamed in each

Naegleria fowleri

  • Causative agent

  • Transmission

Rabies

  • Signs and symptoms

  • Transmission

  • Prevention

Tetanus vs Botulism

  • Compare and contrast

Module 9 — GI InfectionsSalmonella

  • Important features

Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC)

  • Important features

Campylobacter

  • Important features

Norovirus

  • Important features

Food poisoning

  • Important features

Staphylococcus aureus

  • Food poisoning connection

Chronic diarrhea

  • Important features

Dental caries

  • Important features

Helminthic infections

  • Common characteristics

  • Diagnosis

Diagnosing InfectionsThree major categories of microbial identification

  • Biochemical tests

  • Serology

  • Nucleic acid amplification tests

Biochemical testing

  • Main principle

  • Examples

Serology

  • Definition

  • Immunologic principle

Five immunological diagnostic techniques

  • How they work

Nucleic acid amplification techniques

  • Why useful

Mass spectrometry

  • Advantage as diagnostic tool

Module 10 — Cardiovascular & LymphaticCOVID-19

  • Important features

Septicemia

  • Definition

  • Causative agents

  • Treatment

Endocarditis

  • Causative agents

  • Acute vs subacute

Hemorrhagic fever diseases

  • Characteristics

Nonhemorrhagic fever diseases

  • Characteristics

Differences between hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic feversHIV

  • Causative agent

  • AIDS

  • Life cycle

Malaria

  • Causative agent

  • Transmission

  • Diagnosis

  • Prevention

Lyme disease

  • Causative agent

  • Transmission

  • Epidemiology

Infectious mononucleosis

  • Causative agent

  • Long-term complications

Malaria epidemiology

Module 11 — Genitourinary InfectionsChemical defenses in urineNormal microbiota in females of childbearing ageUTI

  • Cystitis vs pyelonephritis

  • Common causative agents

  • Transmission

Gonorrhea

  • Causative agent

  • Pathogenesis

  • Virulence factors

  • Transmission

Chlamydia

  • Causative agent

  • Epidemiology

  • Life cycle

  • Diagnosis

Vaginitis vs vaginosisSyphilis

  • Causative agent

  • Stages

Chancroid

  • Important features

Genital herpes

  • Causative agent

  • Epidemiology

HPV

  • Important features

HPV vaccine

  • 3 reasons it is strongly recommended

Module 12 — Skin & Eye InfectionsMRSA skin and soft tissue infection

  • Causative agent

  • Transmission

Measles

  • Sequelae/complications

  • Transmission

  • Prevention

Rubella

  • Relative dangers compared to measles

Impetigo

  • Causative agents

  • Epidemiology

  • Symptoms

Chicken pox

  • Causative agent

  • Shingles details

Smallpox

  • Vaccine details

Ringworm

  • Causative agent

  • Transmission

Conjunctivitis

  • Causative agents

  • Transmission

  • Virulence factors

  • Diagnosis

  • Prevention/treatment

Module 13 — Epidemiology & AntimicrobialsSporadic vs endemic vs epidemic vs pandemicHerd immunity

  • Recovery from disease

  • Vaccination effects

  • Disease transmission

Controlling disease outbreaksMain goal of antimicrobial treatmentTwo methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testingSelective toxicityFive major antimicrobial targetsBroad-spectrum vs narrow-spectrum antimicrobialsPenicillinases

  • Mode of action

  • Role in treatment

Antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihelminthic drug challengesTwo ways microbes acquire resistanceFive resistance mechanismsDrug toxicity vs allergic reactions

Module 14 — Host DefensesThree lines of host defenseFirst-line defenses

  • Skin

  • Genitourinary tract

Markers

  • Importance in immunity

Body systems involved in immunityThree blood cells in innate immunityCytokines

  • Importance

Four body systems in first-line defenseNormal microbiota role in first-line defenseFour categories of second-line defenseSteps of phagocytosis

Host Defenses IIThird-line defense vs first/secondCell markers in immune responseT-cell sensitization to antigenB-cell activation

  • Steps

  • Cell types produced

Humoral vs cell-mediated immunityAntibody structureAntigen-antibody interactionMemory cells and lasting immunityFour adaptive immune statesQualities of an effective vaccine