Separating Techniques Review PPP

Page 1: Introduction

  • Title: Mixtures Separating Techniques Review

  • Instructor: Mrs. R.S. Grant-Gibson

Page 2: CSEC Syllabus Objectives

  • Objective: Apply suitable separation techniques based on properties of mixture components.

  • Properties to consider:

    • Particle size

    • Boiling point

    • Crystalline structure

    • Solubility

    • Solute mobility in solvent

  • Techniques to include:

    • Simple filtration

    • Simple and fractional distillation

    • Paper chromatography

    • Separating funnel

Page 3: Principles of Separation Techniques

  • The method of separation depends on the properties of substances in the mixture.

  • Example: Undissolved solid in a liquid can be separated using filtration based on particle size.

  • Filtration Principle:

    • Filter paper has tiny pores allowing small particles (e.g., water) to pass while larger particles remain.

Page 4: Types of Mixtures and Corresponding Techniques

  • Solid in Liquid Mixtures:

    • Undissolved: Filtration, sedimentation, decantation

    • Dissolved: Evaporation, crystallization, simple distillation

  • Liquid in Liquid Mixtures:

    • Miscible: Fractional distillation

    • Immiscible: Separating funnel

  • Solid in Solid Mixtures:

    • Techniques: Sublimation, chromatography

Page 5: Techniques Overview

  • Key Techniques: Filtration, evaporation, crystallization

Page 6: Water of Crystallization

  • Definition: Fixed quantity of water molecules in the crystalline structure of ionic salts.

  • Hydrated Salts Example:

    • CuSO4•5H2O, MgSO4•7H2O, FeCl3•6H2O

  • Anhydrous Salts: Without water of crystallization

    • Examples: CuSO4, MgSO4, FeCl3

Page 7: Properties and Functions

  • Hydrated Copper (II) Sulfate:

    • Responsible for color and crystalline structure of hydrated salts

  • Anhydrous Copper (II) Sulfate:

    • Lacks water of crystallization

Page 8: Crystallization vs Evaporation

  • Crystallization: Preferred if water of crystallization is desired.

  • More gentle process compared to evaporation.

Page 9: Disadvantages of Crystallization

  • Yield Limitation: Not all of the solute may crystallize, leading to a lower yield.

Page 10: Simple Distillation

  • Definition: Method for separating solvent from a solution.

  • Example: Water from salt solution, relying on the lower boiling point of water.

Page 11: Process of Simple Distillation

  • Procedure:

    • Heat solution until water evaporates.

    • Water is cooled and condensed into a separate container.

    • Salt remains in the original container.

Page 12: Fractional Distillation

  • Purpose: Separates miscible liquids.

  • Process:

    • Mixture is boiled; vapor enters fractionating column.

    • Vapor condenses multiple times, increasing purity with each cycle.

Page 13: Temperature Measurement in Fractional Distillation

  • Thermometer measures vapor temperature, ensuring correct boiling point of collected component.

Page 14: Enhancements in Fractional Distillation

  • Column Modifications:

    • Packed with metal wire or glass beads to increase surface area for condensation/evaporation events.

Page 15: Comparing Distillation Techniques

  • Simple Distillation:

    • Condenses liquid once, effective when boiling points are over 40 °C apart.

    • Example: Water (100 °C) vs Sodium chloride (1,465 °C).

  • Fractional Distillation:

    • Multiple cycles of vaporization and condensation allow for closer boiling point separation (e.g., water (100 °C) vs Ethanol (78 °C)).

Page 16: Applications of Fractional Distillation

  • Crude Oil Separation:

    • Utilizes different boiling points to separate crude oil into useful fractions.

Page 17: Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Process:

    • At 15% alcohol, yeast dies, separating yeast from alcohol by filtration.

    • Fractional distillation concentrates ethanol due to different boiling points with water.

Page 18: Fractional Distillation of Air

  • Process:

    • Air cooled to −200 °C for separation of nitrogen and oxygen.

    • Method known as cryogenic distillation.

Page 19: Industrial Applications of Fractionating Columns

  • Use Cases:

    • Large columns for separating crude oil and liquid air.

Page 20: Separating Funnel

  • Use:

    • Separating immiscible liquids based on density.

Page 21: Techniques Visualization

  • Experiment Example: Sublimation method demonstration.

Page 22: Sedimentation and Decantation

  • Sedimentation Process:

    • Heavy insoluble particles settle at the bottom of a container.

Page 23: Chromatography Overview

  • Note: More detailed study of chromatography will be provided in another presentation.

Page 24: Apparatus Representation

  • Suggested Drawings:

    • Simple chromatography setup, separating funnel, and sublimation apparatus.

Page 25: Filtration and Evaporation Apparatus

  • Key Components:

    • Filter paper, filter funnel, evaporating basin, tripod, retort stand, Bunsen burner, beaker.

Page 26: Distillation Apparatus

  • Key Components for Distillation:

    • Thermometer, distillation flask, fractionating column, condenser, round-bottom flask, anti-bumping granules.