Musculoskeletal 1
\]]]Terminology
Projections of Bone
- Process - a bony projection; %%ex. mastoid process%%
- Tubercle - a small rounded projection
- Tuberosity - usually a rough, elevated area of a bone
- Trochanter - a large rounded projection
- Condyle - rounded articular projection; %%ex. occipital condyles%%
- Crest - a ridge of bone; %%ex. iliac crest%%
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Holes or Depression in bone
- Foramen - round or oval opening through bone, typically for blood vessels or nerves; ex:
- Foramina - small holes; ex: olfactory foramina
- Fissure - a narrow, slit-like opening; %%ex. superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid%%
- Notch - an indentation or large groove
- Fossa - a shallow depression; %%ex. mandibular fossa%%
Skull
Joints of Skull
- Cranial Sutures
* Coronal
* Lambdoid
* Squamous
* Sagittal - Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Bones of Skull
Cranial bones:
- Frontal
- Parietal (2)
- Occipital ^^(foramen magnum, occipital condyles)^^
- Temporal (2) ^^(external acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, mandibular fossa)^^
- Sphenoid ^^(greater wings, lesser wings, sella turcica, superior orbital fissure, optic canal)^^
- Ethmoid ^^(cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, crista galli)^^
Facial Bones:
- Nasal (2)
- Maxilla ^^(alveolar margins, palatine process)^^
- Lacrimal (2)
- Zygomaticus (2)
- Inferior nasal concha (2)
- Palatine (2)
- Vomer
- Mandible ^^(body, ramus, angle, mandibular condyles, alveolar margins)^^
Muscles of Skull
- Buccinator - @@deeper cheek@@
- Depressor labii inferioris - @@pulls lip corners down@@
- Frontalis - @@forehead wrinkles, eyebrows@@
- Occipitalis - @@back of the head@@
- Galea Aponeurotica - aponeurosis of the head
- Levator labii superioris - @@pulls lip corners up@@
- Masseter - @@extends from angle of Mandible to Zygomatic@@
- Mentalis - @@chin muscles@@
- Orbicularis Oculi - @@circular muscle, surrounds eyes@@
- Orbicularis Oris - @@circular muscle, surrounds lips@@
- Genioglossus - @@tongue@@
- Risorius - @@pulls lips corners laterally@@
- Sternocleidomastoid - @@origin: sternum & clavicle; insertion: mastoid process@@
- Temporalis - @@Superficial to Temporal bone, helps with chewing@@
- Trapezius - @@extends from neck to shoulder to lower ribs, triangular@@
- Zygomaticus - @@pulls lip corners to Zygomatic@@
Remaining Axial Skeleton
Hyoid
- between chin and larynx, not attached to any other bones
- this is what’s fractured in strangulation
Articulated Vertebral Column (pgs. 83-85, of Lab Manual)
- Cervical Vertebrae (7)
* identify atlas and axis, C1 & C2
* defined by %%transverse foramen%%
* extends from occipital to clavicle - Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
* one for each rib to attach to - Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
* significantly %%larger%% than cervical vertebrae
* reasonable, because these bear much more weight - Sacrum
* Sacral Region - pelvis attaches here
* 5 bones %%fused together%% - Coccyx
* aka, %%tailbone%%
* 3-5, typically 4, bones fused together - Vertebra Structure
* two @@transverse processes@@ (thoracic ones connect to ribs)
* @@spinous process@@ protrudes posteriorly
* @@body@@ provides origin and insertion for intervertebral discs
* @@intervertebral discs@@ are fibrous ligaments between vertebrae
* the center, @@vertebral foramen,@@ houses the spinal cord
Bony Thorax
- Sternum
* Manubrium ^^(creates provides the V-shaped indention at the base of your neck)^^
* Body ^^(ribs 2-7 connect here)^^
* Xiphoid process ^^(triangular end, diaphragm attaches here)^^ - True ribs are 1-7, connect ^^directly^^ to the sternum
- False Ribs are 8-12, and 11-12 are ^^floating^^ ribs
Muscles of the Trunk
| muscle | definition |
|---|---|
| diaphragm | internal muscle that is %%prime mover for inhalation%% |
| external intercostals | muscle that %%elevates ribs%% that assists inhalation; %%increases size of thoracic cavity%% |
| internal intercostals | muscle that depresses and retracts ribs for %%forced expiration%%; %%decreases size of thoracic cavity%% |
| rectus abdominis | %%flexes waist%%, as in %%sit-ups%%; compresses abdominal viscera for urination, defecation, childbirth, and vomiting |
| external oblique | %%most superficial muscle%% located on %%lateral abdomen%%; produces twisting at the waist and compresses abdominal viscera |
| internal oblique | %%middle muscle layer%% on %%lateral abdomen;%% produces twisting at the waist and compresses abdominal viscera |
| transverse abdominis | %%deepest muscle layer on lateral abdomen%%; compresses abdominal viscera |
Movements of Synovial Joints Chart
| name of movement | definition | everyday usage |
|---|---|---|
| Elevation | @@raising@@ a body part | closing your mouth, high knees |
| Depression | @@lowering@@ a body part | opening your mouth, putting your foot down |
| Flexion | @@bending@@ motion in which the angle between two bones is decreased | bowing, “are my shoes untied?” |
| Extension | @@straightening@@ motion in which the angle between two bones increases | sitting up straight |
| Abduction | movement of a limb @@away from the midline@@ of the body | flying on the titanic, arms out |
| Adduction | movement of a limb @@towards the midline@@ of the body | standing at attention |
| Rotation | movement of a bone @@around its longitudinal@@ axis | shaking your head “No” |
| Circumduction | movement in which the @@distal@@ end of a bone moves in a @@circular@@ motion while the proximal end remains stable | moving your arms in large circles |
| Pronation | @@turning palms down@@ | |
| Supination | @@turning palms up@@ | |
| Inversion | movement of the @@foot inward@@ (medially) | |
| Eversion | movement of the @@foot outwards@@ (laterally) | |
| Dorsiflexion | flexion in a dorsal (up/back) direction | bending your hand or foot upwards |
| Plantar Flexion | straightening the @@foot,@@ downwards | pointe work, or Michael Jackson |
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