cmps101 to summarize

Page 1: Introduction

Overview of Python Programming

• Quote by Martin Fowler: "Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand."

Page 2: Introduction to Programming

Definition of a Computer Program

• A computer program details the sequence of steps to perform a task.

• Programming is the act of designing and implementing computer programs.

Programming Languages

• A programming language allows communication between programmers and computers.

• Popular languages:

  • Python

  • Javascript

  • Go

  • Java

  • Kotlin

  • PHP

  • C#

  • Swift

  • R

  • Ruby

  • C and C++

  • Matlab

  • TypeScript

  • Scala

  • SQL

  • HTML

  • CSS

  • NoSQL

  • Rust

  • Perl

• Python is beginner-friendly and widely used for machine learning and web services.

Page 3: How Python Programs Run

Process of Execution

1. Compiler reads entire source code.

2. Translates instructions into byte code.

3. Virtual machine includes necessary libraries.

4. Executes byte code.

Example Programs

Exercise 1: Display "Hello World"

print("Hello, World!")

• Output: Hello, World!

Exercise 2: Display Name

print("Tom Smith")

• Output: Tom Smith

Exercise 3: Full Name in Two Lines

print("Tom")
print("Smith")

• Output:

  • Tom

  • Smith

Exercise 4: Full Name in One Print

print("Tom\nSmith")

• Output: Tom Smith

Page 4: Advanced Printing Techniques

Exercise 5: Full Name in Single Line

print("Tom", end=' ')
print("Smith")

• Output: Tom Smith

Exercise 6: Display Sum

print(6 + 5)

• Output: 11

Exercise 7: Variable Printing

X = 5
print("The value of X=", X)

• Output: The value of X= 5

Variable Naming Rules

• Names must start with a letter or underscore.

• Case sensitive.

• Cannot include spaces or certain symbols.

Page 5: Variable Manipulation

Updating Variable Values

• Assigning a new value replaces the previous one.

• Example:

X = 5
X = 7
X = X + 3

• Output sequence: X=5, X=7, X=10

Page 6: Types of Numeric Data

Numeric Data Types in Python

• Integer (int): Whole numbers without decimal.

• Float (float): Real numbers with decimal notation.

• Complex (complex): Numbers expressed as (real part) + (imaginary part)j. Example: 2 + 3j.

• Strings are sequences of characters in quotes.

• Python only has a string type (str) with no separate character type.

Page 7: Type Conversion

Types of Conversion

• Implicit Conversion: Automatic type conversion by Python.

• Explicit Conversion: Manual type conversion using functions like int(), float().

Example of Type Conversion

Implicit Example

a = 13
b = 2.5
z = a + b
print(z)

• Output: 15.5

Explicit Example

a = '13'
b = "2"
z = int(a) + int(b)
print(z)

• Output: 15

Page 8: Arithmetic and Comparison Operators

Arithmetic Operators

• Basic operations: +, -, *, /, %, ** for power, // for integer division.

Example Operations

print(7 + 2)  # Addition
print(7 - 2)  # Subtraction

Page 9: Assignment Operators

• Operators for assigning values: =, +=, -=, etc.

• Example:

# Assignment
a = 7
# Addition Assignment
a += 2  # a = a + 2

Page 10: Comparison Operators

Operators and Usage

• Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.

• Example:

print(a == b)
print(a != b)

Page 11: Logical Operators

• Used to combine conditional statements: and, or, not.

• Example of Logical Condition:

if num < 10 and num > 0:
    print("Valid")

Page 12: Operator Precedence

• Determines the order of operations in expressions.

• Highest precedence: arithmetic operators.

• Next precedence: relational, then logical operators.

Page 13: Mathematical Functions in Python

• Provides access to various mathematical functionality, e.g., math.ceil, math.floor.

Page 14: Mathematical Operations

import math
math.sqrt(16)

• Output: 4

Page 15: Writing Math Formulas

Using Python for Math

• Examples of mathematical expressions using Python syntax.

Page 16: Exercises

• Suggested exercises for practice with basic Python operations and formulas.

Page 17: Control Structures

Introduction to Control Structures

• if, else, elif statements for decision making.

Page 18: Using if Statements

Example of if Statement

num = int(input('Enter a number: '))
if num > 10:
    print("Greater than 10")

Page 19: Logical Operators

• Combining conditions using logical operators.

Page 20: else and elif usage

• Allows branching based on multiple conditions.

if num > 0:
    print("Positive")
elif num < 0:
    print("Negative")
else:
    print("Zero")

Page 21: Loops

Introduction to Loops

• Used to repeat a block of code.

Page 22: Tracing Variables

Tracing Variables in Loops

• Keeping track of variable changes throughout loops.

num = 0
while num < 5:
    print(num)
    num += 1

Page 23: Using Break and Continue

Control Flow in Loops

• break exits the loop.

• continue skips to the next iteration.

Page 24: Infinite Loop Warning

• Caution against creating infinite loops without exit conditions.

while (1):
    print("Infinite Loop")

Page 25: Number Guessing Game

Using Random Module

• Example of a guessing game implemented in Python.

Page 26: For Loops & Range Function

Using For Loops

• Demonstrating the for loop with the range() function.

for x in range(2, 6):
    print(x)

Page 27: Output Formatting with Loops

• Nested loops for formatted outputs.

for i in range(1, 10):
    for j in range(1, 10):
        print(i * j, end=' ')
    print()

Page 28: String Formatting Methods

Different Ways to Format Strings

1. Percent Formatting.

2. Using .format().

3. Using f-strings.

Page 29: Counting Characters in Strings

Processing Strings

• Count uppercase and lowercase letters in a string.

Page 30: Validating Phone Numbers

Example: Validating Input

• Validating US phone number format.

Page 31: Programming Projects and Exercises

• Suggested simple projects and exercises to reinforce learning.

Page 32: Function Definition in Python

Functions

• A reusable block of code that performs a specific task. Defined using def keyword.

Page 33: Function Parameters and Return

Parameters and Return Values.

• Functions can return values and accept parameters.

Page 34: Scope of Variables in Functions

Variable Scope

• Understanding local and global variable scopes.

Page 35: Recursive Functions

Recursion Explained

• Functions that call themselves with a base case to terminate.

Page 36: Lambda Functions

Anonymous Functions

• Defined using lambda keyword for single-expression functions.

Page 37: Advanced Function Exercises

Suggested Exercises

• Practice with functions and recursion in Python.

Page 38: Working with Lists

List Fundamentals

• Lists are dynamic arrays to store multiple items.

Page 39: Operations on Lists

Appending and Inserting

• Elements can be added or modified in lists.

Page 40: List Methods

Common List Operations

• Methods like pop(), remove(), and list comprehension.

Page 41: Copying Lists

Copying and Reference

• Reference vs values when copying.

Page 42: Tuples

Tuple Fundamentals

• Similar to lists but immutable.

Page 43: Working with Tuples

Tuple Behavior

• Unpacking and iterating through tuples.

Page 44: File Handling in Python

Reading and Writing Files

• Basic file operations using the open() function.

Page 45: Reading CSV Files

CSV Files

• Simplified data representation for tabular data.

Page 46: Additional File Operations

Writing Data to Files

• Operations for appending to or writing files.

Page 47: Using CSV Module

Best Practices for CSV

• Using Python's csv module for file operations.

Page 48: Data Management with CSV

Reading from CSV

• Demonstrating read operations on CSV format files.

Page 49: File Content Manipulation

Content Processing

• Manipulating and processing file contents for analysis.

Page 50: Population Data Example

Real-world Data Application

• Using file reading/writing for population data.

Page 51: Dictionary Basics

Understanding Dictionaries in Python

• Key-value data structures.

Page 52: Operations on Dictionaries

Basic Dictionary Operations

• Add, edit and retrieve values using key.

Page 53: Nested Dictionaries

Dictionary with Nested Structures.

• Example of storing complex data in dictionaries.

Page 54: Exercises on Dictionaries

Suggested Exercises

• Tasks for practicing dictionary operations.

Page 55: Summary and Review

Recap of Python Basics

• Overview of all topics for quick reference.