APUSH Exam Study Guide

Native American Societies Before Contact

  • Before European arrival, Native American societies displayed diverse cultures adapted to their environments.
  • Lifestyles ranged from fishing to nomadic hunting to agriculture and urban centers.

Central and South America

  • Aztecs: Central America, Tenochtitlan (300,000 pop.), written language, irrigation, fertility cult with human sacrifice.
  • Maya: Yucatan Peninsula, large cities, irrigation, stone temples.
  • Inca: Andes Mountains, Peru, Machu Picchu, fertile valleys with potatoes, massive empire.
  • Maize Cultivation: Spread north into American Southwest.

Southwest America

  • Pueblo people: Stayed in one place, maize farmers, cliffside homes, organized government.

Great Plains and Great Basin Regions

  • Hunter-gatherers needing large lands, e.g., Ute people.

Pacific Northwest

  • Fishing villages, elk reliance, Chinook used cedar for houses.
  • Chumash: California coast, hunter-gatherers in permanent settlements.

Mississippi River Valley

  • Complex societies due to fertile soil.
  • Hopewell: Towns (4,000-6,000 pop.), extensive trade.
  • Cahokia: 10,000-30,000 people, chiefs, trade focus.

Northeast

  • Iroquois: Villages of hundreds, maize and beans, longhouses.

European Exploration in the Americas

  • Reasons: Population increase, political unification, desire for Asian luxury goods.
  • Land routes controlled by Muslims; Europeans sought water passage to Asia.

Portugal's Expansion

  • Prince Henry the Navigator sought water passage to Asia.
  • Sailed around Africa, established trading post empire, dominated Indian Ocean trade.
  • Technological advancements: caravels, updated tools (astrolabes, rudder).

Spain's Expansion

  • Isabella and Ferdinand sought trade benefits, spread Christianity.
  • Christopher Columbus sought westward route to Asia (1492), encountered North America.
  • Columbus returned to Spain with gold and enslaved natives, spurring further exploration.

Columbian Exchange

  • Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

Disease

  • Smallpox devastated Native populations (Aztecs, Incas, Maya, Arawak, Taino).
  • Natives lacked immunity.

Food

  • Americas to Europe/Africa: maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco.
  • Europe/Africa to Americas: rice, wheat, soybeans, citrus, horses, pigs, cattle, chickens.
  • Grain crops became staple.

Minerals

  • Gold and silver from South American colonies enriched Spain.
  • Western Europe experienced economic growth transitioning feudalism to capitalism.

People

  • Native Americans enslaved, later replaced by enslaved Africans.
  • Africans taken to Americas via Middle Passage, sold into bondage.
  • Spanish colonization driven by mercantilism, later joint-stock companies.

Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System

  • African Slave Trade changed with European involvement.
  • Europeans traded guns for enslaved Africans, leading to justification of racial inferiority.
  • Spanish used African labor due to Native American deaths from disease.
  • Encomienda System gave land and natives to encomenderos as slaves.
  • Requerimiento authorized Spanish claims and conversions; natives penalized for resistance.
  • Spanish imposed caste system for taxation.

Caste System

  • Peninsulares: Whites born in Spain.
  • Criollos: Spaniards born in America.
  • Mestizos: Mixed Spanish and Native American.
  • Mulattoes: Mixed Spanish and African.
  • African Americans.
  • Native Americans.

Cultural Interactions

  • Spanish missionaries sought to convert natives rather than conquer with guns.

Varying Beliefs

  • Natives: pantheists, animists; Spanish: Catholic.
  • Natives: Land not a commodity; Spanish: Private ownership.
  • Natives: Kinship networks; Spanish: Nuclear family.
  • Both adopted helpful aspects; natives wanted metal tools and horses; Europeans wanted fur trade.
  • Pueblo Revolt (1680): Pueblo rose up, killed colonizers, and burned churches due to forced conversions.
  • Spanish returned 12 years later, reconquered.
  • Debate in Spain over conquest's morality, e.g., Bartolome de las Casas opposed Encomienda for natives but supported it for Africans.

European Colonization - France

  • Initial focus on water route to Asia, later colonization.
  • 1608: Samuel de Champlain established Quebec.
  • Interest in trade (fish, fur) over conquest.
  • Fewer colonizers than Spanish/English.
  • Trading settlements, married native women for trade ties.
  • Interactions with Ojibwe Indians: beaver pelts for cookware/tools.

European Colonization - Dutch

  • Henry Hudson sought water passage.
  • Claimed Hudson River, established New Amsterdam (later NYC).
  • Economic goals; NYC became trading hub.
  • Protestant, no interest in conversion.

European Colonization - British

  • Economic motivation: wealth for nobles, opportunity for peasants, religious freedom, better living conditions.
  • Colonizers in family groups, sought homes.
  • Few natives to enslave, tensions and violence arose when settlers encroached on native lands.

Regions of British Colonies - Chesapeake Colonies

  • Jamestown (1607): first permanent British North American colony.
  • Financed by joint-stock company.
  • Purpose: profit; early difficulties, tobacco cultivation saved colony (1612).
  • Indentured servants cultivated tobacco.
  • Native land invasion led to raids, Bacon's Rebellion stemmed from resentment of native violence and Berkeley's neglect led to fear of indentured servants/enslaved Africans uprising.

Regions of British Colonies - New England Colonies

  • Settled by Pilgrims (1620) and Puritans.
  • Sought religious freedom, came as families.
  • Thriving economy based on agriculture and commerce.

Regions of British Colonies - British West Indies

  • Established in 1620s.
  • Warm climate, sugarcane main cash crop resulted in high demand for slaves.
  • Harsh slave codes to prevent uprisings.

Regions of British Colonies - Middle Colonies

  • New York and New Jersey: export colony, strict societal structure (merchants to slaves).
  • Pennsylvania: William Penn, Quaker (pacifist), religious freedom, negotiated with Indians.

Transatlantic Trade

  • Navigation Acts required trade with English colonies in English ships.
  • Generated wealth for elites transformed seaports into urban centers → consumer revolution.

Triangular Trade

  • New England: rum to West Africa exchanged for enslaved laborers, then shipped to West Indies, traded for sugarcane, and back to New England.

Slave Trade

  • Dominant economic theory: mercantilism (fixed wealth, favorable balance of trade).
  • Colonies supplied raw materials and served as markets.

Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans

  • Spanish = Caste system (Natives at bottom).
  • Coercive measures for conversions (Pueblo revolt).
  • Land subjugation vs. expulsion.
  • English colonists focused on expansion.
  • Metacom's War/King Phillip's War = conflict led to settlers and Metacom killing conflict.
  • French colonists focused on fur trade, military alliances.
  • Europeans rarely faced unified resistance due to varied native groups.

Slavery in the British Colonies

  • ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE = 3 million enslaved people
  • Middle passage Across the Atlantic - Half a million enslaves died
  • British colonies benefit from african slave trade

Increased Demand

  • Shortage of servants = increased DEMAND FOR SLAVES
  • Chattel slavery is race base = Slaves were considered property

West Indies Influence

  • Laws = Enslaved africans were chattel and slavery became a generational institutions

Slave Resistance

  • Practiced culture and slowed down work
  • Overt Rebellion = Stono Rebellion ( group stole weapons)

Colonial Society and Culture

  • Enlightenment = rational thinking over tradition and Religion

John Locke

  • Natural Rights = God-given rights of life. Liberty and property with social contact = People give up Power for the government

Great Awakening

  • A religious Rivival generated Christian devotion
  • Jonathan Edwards combined enlightenment ideas with religious fervor

Enlightenment

  • Stressed worthy thru senses an inquiry while Bible comes from God
  • Social change = Democratic tend and resist tyranny

Events leading to Revolution:

The Seven Years' War (The French and Indian War)

  • Britain vs. French and Indians
  • George Washington Was sent to warn French of encroaching on British territory
  • Albany Congress = Establish council of representatives frontier defense trade and westward. But laid the foundation for the continental congress.
  • Land east of Mississippi River= British.

Available land in Ohio

  • Colonist pushed west. Native Leader pontiac lead raids for military forts. British= Proclamation line of 1763
  • British National Debt doubled. The Colonist= Taxation wit out rep

Taxation without representation:

  • Salutary Neglect = Colonies that were left to make daily decisions of land
  • Navigation act= Restricted land of colonies to British but smugglers found ways to evade.

British Prime Minister

  • Revenue act enforced and kept soldiers stationed
  • Sugar act to luxury /Stamp act on paper
  • Colonists =natural rights from the enlightenment virtual representative over taxation

Stamp Congress/ Continental Congress

  • Loyal subjects but Taxation leads to tyranny.
  • British Parlimact. Declaratory act gives them the right to pass colonial laws.
  • United Colonist. Boycott lead by women of unfair taxes like the Townshend Acts British soldiers in town and someone fired at The Boston Massacre of Colonists

Coercive Acts closes Boston Harbor

  • Colonists start form militias

America Revolution

  • British did not repeal taxs
  • Enlightenment gave colonist unprecedented of liberty
  • John Locke Government must have contest and rights. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Govt must provide natural rights.
  • Common Sense by thomas paine = biblical analogies against against monarchy. Form opinion of the masses second continental meet and formally resolve independence made on July 4,1776.

American Revolution:

  • Patriots 1/3. 1/3 Loyalists /George washiton with continental army
  • British offers freedom to slaves to fight= Washiton does the same
  • Battle of stratoga convince France by bank lin to join battle. Spain joined a year later.
  • Battle of yorktown= Fatal blow. 1783 - Paris / Peace treaty.
  • American establish form of got with enlightenment ideals / natural rights /individual liberty.
  • Insipred= French and hati revolutions.

Articles of Confederation:

  • First constituation led to 1789 after USA saw how britian was
  • America was under weak cont constitution.
  • Led to the Northwest ordinance of 1787 = Public education /no slavery/and app for statehood.
  • Economy faltered= taxes could not. US = no tax for govt and foreign count did not. Veterans heavily in debt during shays rebellion= Us Unable to pay vs/rebellion + militia
  • Due to Shortcoming/ delegates from the states met in 1787 for the constitutional convention revised the articles
  • Virginia plan= Legislature number representatives determined by population.
  • New Jersey plan = Unicaneral 1 vote to each of the states Small states
  • Great Compromise a Legislative Branch bicameral by population with an upper house of states with senate
  • The Three-Fifths Compromise count each enslaved person as three-fifths of a white person.
  • Constitution ban slavery until 1808/Elections House =People every 2 Senators = Legislatures every 6/The President =Electoral college 4 YR
  • System voters had to vote for other voters to be college
  • In order for the Constitution to become law, 9/13 states would have to ratify it anti versus pro
  • Federalists versus Antifederalists- believe federalist would grow too strong
  • The Supremacy Clause Federal law is superior to state law of not government is reserved to the states via article 1.10.
  • The government split legislature 3 and executive checks and balance
  • Washington was elected as the first president= He also established cabinet executive departments.
  • Hamilton served as Washington secretary as National Bank to get state depth by state. States debt with congress / Elastic Clause to allow the construction to work
  • In response to the French Revolution Washinton issued a Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 France diplomat= Ejected
  • British ships Washington sent judge John jay = Jay's Treaty western frouts.
  • Pinckneys Treaty between Us and Spain use New Orleans. For trade along the /Emmegence of 2 party system Feds =Urban/British = Hamilton. Dems rural /France /Jefferson
  • Washinton against = Danger and alliances
  • Adams replaced Washiton alien sedition enrage Republican = Can nullify if it violates
  • Republican motherhood by Jeffereson formed the virgina

1800-1848 and Jefferson.

  • Revolution 1800= First US and won vote passed to Dem Republican
  • Dem rep wanted limit power= Achived by whiskey/ military / federal jobs
  • Louisiana purchase 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe with millions to trade on Mississippi buy full Territory For. Limited government power by double US size.
  • Led congress to exploration and Map scientific map= and develop with tribes
  • John Marshall chief = And Power for the court Murbuy Maddison 1803 Jefferson Secretary James Maddison refused to deliver the appointments under Judiciary
  • Mccollluck V maryland marshal national government / federal laws banks state= Tax Law
  • Paid Barbary states for ships / Embargo Act of 1807 act that stopped trading and harm the Americans non = Us Act/Helps trade with farmers an merchant

war of 1812

  • Us Soldiers serve In. British war hawks with the US. = Federallit Demice
  • Demonstrated w/o the national bank the US. lacked a source credit
  • Henry clay proposed the American System tariff and the national bank= President mad and mon rejected Clay= ideas due to interest by 1816 were in place.
  • Improve roads and cheap, land= to settling increased= and slavery
  • Missouri app for trade to be state with Slavery = tallmadge enrage southerns over the loss of slavery
  • Henry clay = would join with slavery and the balance/ free states maintain for trade of land in slavery
  • Us can join to can define land and war so on.
  • The Treaty of Ghent = Ended war
  • When James Munroe became President trade agreement 1817. Border with US / Birtish
  • Monroe and James= Sold territory through the Adams over 1919/Europe
  • President Mounroe acknowledged= diplomatic countries/Euro= In the Mounroe country US foreign Policy BY THE 1.20 Trade and rel

Market Revolution

  • Linking = industries + farming to agriculture / transport to a capitalistics society
  • Innovation transprot= National Raod link Maryland to Illinois.
  • Erie contrust 1825 connect west . Farm and East man
  • Boat= steamboat deliver raw material to ship down stream and increase trans efifently
  • Technology= rail replace Can canal, = government gran loan break for company state
  • Industry innovation patented law = made envirment ripe for technology.
  • Whitney interchangeble part= Factory sytem mass produces items ship across country
  • Agriculture = Cotton gin process sperate seeds from spin and raw cotton to yarn transform to enterprise Brit textile man
  • Sustinence Vs commercial before / Farming to trade with distant
  • Market Revolution = Econimically and increased intercation ties
  • Immigration explo= Ireland German with more to more chep labor/ culture
  • Out west = Ohian
  • Nativisim in the 1840s/ were full falsehood on cults = jew etc
  • Enterging = Middle class first = Dr , jour= Middle class had spent plays circuses
  • The cult woman = Domestacity middle class in woman purpose and children
  • Seopration in Public and private. Lower had to work
  • The lowell factory system close by bosses affect leisure Time democraties
  • In the 19th C participation demos/ Panic 1819 Banks tight many bankrupt.
  • Unemployment = men voting to hold politician to small numbers. Join the west and eliminate poverty.
  • Dem. Rep party = 1 state = into Dem and REp. The National Rep had a the federal Power and construction while the Dem limit power like the Dem = REp = Election 18.4
  • The Election Jackson won most but no majority turned of the HR and named Admas chair.
  • The dem = By Jackson and the with Dem and Rep, Jackson. Hamilton . National Benks /Plan
  • The demo = Jackson / 1833/ 45 = Hurt southern heavy importation
  • Jackson= inpartral/ john calhoun for threat seocde/ calhoun agreed but tax high but reduce/bank/ to. National bank/ the Jackson veto / 7 persident/
  • Indian Removal 1830 The Cherokee for 93 and cheorkee constitution / The removal / treaty to move Cherokee lands in west/ The trails tears
  • Amerian culture by Europena/ Enlightment and documents
  • Enlightment = Second Great awakening / romanticism
  • Rodantim replaced Reason . Romanticism to believe nature and beauty Emerson with individual life and simple nature trueth / walden utopia = Equality/ share with equal equal family = silverware great great at work to success in / hand
  • Second great awakening = A series/ By the way. Methodist organized restrain.
  • Sperad great Thanks = to lower/ growing democratic classes/lower classes desries / rejected to to rationalions
  • Chartes message reform = Socity then perfection and then and god new. A form= by social
  • Markted Econ = hand/Dem to believe The= by the way. hand/Ages
  • Moronns and polygamy were found and died and later = took migrations
  • Tempment to avoid /Ameri = To avoid women/ Alchole to avoid. Imigration did to reject movements and slave

Movements

  • Abolishing to end = to then slaves and Garrison called = constitution and the douglass personal Nature/Abbolitionm
  • Women= Connctecd with frustation to status . The Seneca falls. Decleration/ to add Sentiments and resoluation equal/ African slaves. to maintain and and their resistance= Rebellition
  • = slaves high/the The end and slaves 80 percent\ = The end and slaves 80 percent and The culture = White and Black vs farmers the end and slaves 80 percent was had of control

1844 - 1870

  • Manifest Desnity = god given / west expansion
  • Practical rears = mineral / natural
  • Acess and home stead for farms with middle class to the area and the rest would flee for safety/ Religion and safe with Mormans migration continue
  • James.k to adds exas and Oregon to the union territory/ exans - the area and be independence and Houston sent army to be mexicans with mexicans general to sign and exans claimed and Mexico US to the states = Denied
  • = John tyler last momo and in the treaty
  • /The border Mexico to us by John with Refuse
  • / Us = Gen Zach. By the river mex troop me = The War USA/ exas and mexico caliform. to US = treato guadpuse = cali for 15/18 the small states/ US by treaty the small to 1 . 1850 Us-m/t to what new had missuoi
  • Free to work on new but less
  • By immigrants was more* and a strong to in the work
  • For 18 immigrants = nativist immigration was by cali then slavery for long term
  • To state new = The new mex- and in was so
  • But southerns to be but so= state/and so slavery ban to a big and or to make it a big
  • To come to states and to to was small
  • Slavry = had = as as make
  • Was . but= what do to and but to make it a new* and to . a to by but for high but and to work

*The Comps.

  • Southenrs the slaves was / was and or or and by to a slave
  • By in was and new but was was a= or a to by all

* to a and of of .

  • To of and . of by to by of of and/or but *The vote slavery voters .* Was and two all .
  • As with , it all for A what 14 . a with in / = . * the .
  • For high= state