Marcus Garvey and Black Liberation

Marcus Garvey: A powerful leader advocating for the unification and empowerment of Black people worldwide, known as the African Diaspora.
Importance of Heritage: Emphasized pride in African heritage and culture to foster a sense of identity.
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Founded by Garvey to unite Black people, encourage business ownership, and promote self-reliance.
- Key Activities:
- Promoting Black businesses and community support.
- Advocating for the return to Africa to establish a united nation.
Black Star Line: A shipping company initiated by Garvey aimed at connecting Black communities globally to enhance commerce and unity.
The Negro World: A publication by Garvey that spread messages of pride, resistance, and information within the Black community.

Black Nationalism: The belief that Black people should control their own communities and economic systems.
Black Internationalism: The idea that Black individuals worldwide should collaborate for freedom and equal rights.

Black Cross Nurses: A healthcare organization similar to the Red Cross, aimed at supporting Black communities with healthcare.
Negro Factory Corporation: A proposal by Garvey to generate Black-owned businesses and job opportunities.
Liberia: A country in Africa supported by Garvey as a potential homeland for African Americans and people of African descent.
Pan-Africanism: The concept that all people of African descent are connected and must collaborate for the common good.
Pan-African Congresses: Meetings of Black leaders aimed at addressing racism and promoting African solidarity.
- First Congress: Initiated by Henry Sylvester Williams in 1900 in London.

Sixth Pan-African Congress (1974): A significant assembly discussing unity and external influence over Africa.
Neo-Colonialism: The continued economic influence that wealthy countries maintain over African states post-independence.
Kwame Nkrumah: The first leader of Ghana, advocating for African unity against neo-colonial forces.
Black Power Movement: Including events like the 1969 Bermuda Black Power Conference focused on empowerment and unity.
Pan-African Center of Science & Tech: A project aimed at advancing African development through education and scientific initiatives.

Dr. Pauulu Kamarakafego: A Bermudian advocate for global Black rights and environmental justice.
Malcolm X: Influential in promoting the idea of Pan-Africanism and supporting the global Black struggle for justice.
- Life Overview: Transitioned from a troubled youth to a prominent Muslim leader and activist before his assassination in 1965.
Organizations Related to Malcolm X:
- OAU: Organization of African Unity working for cooperation among African nations.
- OAAU: Organization of Afro-American Unity connecting Black Americans with African liberation movements.
- Muslim Mosque, Inc.: Malcolm's establishment after detaching from the Nation of Islam.
Patrice Lumumba: The first Prime Minister of Congo advocating for true independence, ultimately assassinated due to his beliefs.

Apartheid: A legalized system in South Africa that enforced racial segregation and oppression of Black individuals.
Sharpeville Massacre (1960): Violent police response to peaceful protests against apartheid laws, resulting in numerous deaths.
Pass Laws: Legislation restricting the movement of Black South Africans by requiring them to carry identification at all times.
Afrikaners: South Africans of European descent who played key roles in enforcing apartheid.
African National Congress (ANC): The leading organization fighting against apartheid, notably led by Nelson Mandela.
Soweto: A significant township known for its protests against apartheid, particularly the student uprising in 1976.
Steve Biko: Key figure in the Black Consciousness Movement, famously advocating that "Black is beautiful", who died in police custody.
Hector Pieterson: A young boy symbolizing the struggle after his death during the 1976 Soweto uprising.
Bandung Conference (1955): Gathering of African and Asian nations to strengthen ties and ensure independence from imperial powers.