Detailed Energy and Fossil Fuels Study Guide

Welcome Session

  • Welcome back from break with enthusiasm.

  • Inviting students to share fun stories, favorite gifts, or unexpected moments.

Classroom Expectations Refresh

  • No “look at version history” policy.

    • Late submissions will simply be marked late.

  • Phone Policy:

    • Phones must be used for writing purposes only.

  • Student Responsibility:

    • Students are responsible for keeping updated with Google Classroom (GC).

    • Example: Claims of absence are not accepted for older assignments.

    • Work is due upon return; 1 day absent = 1 extra day.

  • Bathroom Requests:

    • Students must submit requests on ePass before approaching the teacher.

  • Journal System:

    • Transitioning from handouts to a journal system.

    • Each student will receive one journal due on the day of the Free Response Questions (FRQ).

    • No late submissions allowed.

Classroom Routine

  1. Put phones in bags.

  2. Pick up any required handouts.

  3. Collect a textbook.

  • Quote of the Day (QOTD):

    • “A positive attitude causes a chain reaction of positive thoughts, events, and outcomes. It is a catalyst and it sparks extraordinary results.” - Wade Boggs

  • Activity:

    • Read Unit 6 Case Study on page 399 and answer handout questions accurately in complete sentences for full credit.

Weekly Overview (1/6 - 1/10)

  • Mon: Teacher workday

  • Tue: Introduction to Energy & Coal. HW: Read Modules 35, 36, & 37.

  • Wed: Natural Gas.

  • Thu: Oil.

  • Fri: Energy Calculations practice. HW: Complete Energy Calculations Worksheet.

Introduction to Energy & Fossil Fuels (Section 6.1)

  • Overview of types of energy currently in use.

Types of Energy Used

Direct Solar Capital

  • Definition:

    • 99% of energy that heats the Earth and all buildings comes directly from the sun at no cost to us.

Renewable Energy Sources

  • Definition:

    • Energy sources that can be replenished naturally at or near the rate of consumption, facilitating reuse.

Indirect Solar Capital

  • Examples:

    • Wind energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy.

    • Importance: The sun indirectly powers these energy sources.

Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Energy Resources

  • Renewable Energy Resource:

    • Normally replenished by natural processes, not depleted by moderate use, essentially inexhaustible on a human timescale.

  • Nonrenewable Energy Resource:

    • Not replenished within a useful timescale, depleted faster than replenished, exists in fixed amounts and is exhaustible.

Energy Sources Overview

  • Examples of Nonrenewable Sources: fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, uranium).

  • Examples of Renewable Sources: tidal, solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass.

Factors Affecting Energy Supply

Geological Factors

  • Influence:

    • Determines location, accessibility of fossil fuels, geothermal energy resources, and infrastructure suitability.

    • Affects extraction costs and the feasibility of various energy sources.

Climate Factors

  • Impact:

    • Affects solar energy potential, wind strength, hydropower potential, cooling water availability, and seasonal variations in energy demand.

Environmental Factors

  • Considerations:

    • Environmental protection laws restrict energy facility locations, impacting resource extraction methods and air quality regulations.

  • Climate change also drives transitions in energy sources.

Energy Usage Data

  • 2019 U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source:

    • Total: 100.2 quadrillion Btu.

    • Oil: 37%

    • Natural Gas: 32%

    • Coal: 11%

    • Nuclear: 8%

    • Renewable: 11%

      • Breakdown: 2% geothermal, 9% solar, 22% hydroelectric, 24% wind, 4% biomass waste.

Global Energy Consumption Trends

  • Worldwide Energy Consumption 1970-2030 by Region:

    • Observing trends in energy consumption among different economies (emerging, transition, mature markets).

  • Energy Consumption by Country (2015):

    • Total: 575 quadrillion Btu (China: 23% consumption).

China vs. Qatar Energy Consumption

  • China's high total energy consumption:

    • Despite low per capita usage.

  • Qatar's high per capita consumption:

    • Due to vast natural gas reserves, high availability, and low costs.

Historical Energy Consumption Trends

  • Observations:

    • Continuous increases in global energy consumption since 1982.

    • Economic development in developing nations is generally tied to an increase in energy consumption.

Energy Resource Percentages

  • Source Allocation:

    • e.g., 70% of petroleum is used for transportation, 100% of nuclear energy is used for electricity.

Energy Consumption in the U.S. (2001-2019)

  • Electricity Generation Sources:

    • Coal, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy usage trends from 2001 to 2019.

  • Texas Energy Generation (2001-2019):

    • Significant reliance on natural gas and coal.

Common Units of Energy

Energy Conversion and Analysis

  • Definition and relationships for various energy units:

    • 1 kJ = 1,000 J

    • 1 cal = 4.184 J

    • 1 Btu = 1,055 J

    • 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J (or 3.6 MJ).

Net Energy Concept

  • Formula:

    • Net Energy = (total "high quality" energy from resource) - (energy needed for extraction/processing).

Example Problems on Energy

Math Problem Examples:

  1. Comparative Energy Content:

    • 400 gallons of gasoline vs. 8,000 kWh of electricity using the conversion of BTU.

  2. Metric Tons of Coal vs. Gasoline:

    • Energy content calculations leading to assertion that 1,000 gallons of gasoline contains more energy than 2 metric tons of coal.

  3. Liter of Diesel vs. Metric Tons of Coal:

    • Determining which has more energy by calculating usable energy considering efficiency.

Coal as an Energy Source

  • Characteristics:

    • Formed from plant remnants and classified into types (peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite).

    • Impact of coal quality on energy policies and environmental impacts.

Environmental Impacts of Coal

  • Pollution from Coal Combustion:

    • Gaseous emissions include CO2 and pollutants such as NOx, SO2, and particulate matter.

Carbon Capture and Storage Process

  • Steps:

    1. Production: Extracting CO2-rich gas.

    2. Capture: Processing and compressing CO2.

    3. Transportation: Transporting CO2 via pipelines.

    4. Injection: Injecting CO2 into geological formations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

  • Pros:

    • Ample supply for over 200 years, well-developed technology, and high net energy.

  • Cons:

    • Significant environmental impacts; land disturbance, air pollution, and toxic emissions.

Conclusion

  • Clean Coal Technologies:

    • Derived solutions such as scrubbing to reduce sulfur emissions.

  • Final note regarding concepts and understanding yet to be completed, reassured students not to worry about concluding materials immediately.