BIOE 450 Lecture 1 - Introduction_Spring 2025 (1)

Course Information

  • Course Title: BE 450 - Biomaterials and Biocompatibility

  • Class Time: Asynchronous

  • Instructor: Joseph Chen, Ph.D.

    • Office Location: 357 Shumaker Research Building (SRB)

    • Email: joseph.chen@louisville.edu

    • Office Hours: Available by appointment

  • Textbook: Biomaterials: The Intersection of Biology and Materials Science by Temenoff JS and Mikos AG. (2008)

Course Structure

  • Reading Assignments: Material from the textbook; additional readings may be assigned.

  • Class Resources: Class Notes and PowerPoint slides posted on Blackboard.

ABET Learning Outcomes

  • Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering in bioengineering.

  • Design systems to meet bioengineering needs.

  • Function on teams and solve bioengineering problems.

  • Effective communication skills.

  • Engage in life-long learning in bioengineering.

Grading Breakdown

  • Exams: 2 Exams (15% each) - Total 30%

  • Quizzes: Total 10%

  • Paper Critique: Total 10%

  • Team Design Project: Report (20%) and Presentation (10%) - Total 30%

  • Final Exam: Total 20%

  • Total Course Percentage: 100%

Online Course Format

  • Instruction format: Asynchronous with segmented lectures available weekly.

  • Support: Instructor available during office hours and via email.

Major Assignments

  • Paper Critique: Review a manuscript.

  • Group Project: Design a biomaterial to enhance current medical approaches; includes an in-class presentation via Microsoft Teams.

Tentative Course Schedule

  • 1/8-1/10: Introduction

  • 1/13-1/17: Structures of Metals

  • 1/20-1/24: Structures of Ceramics

  • 1/27-1/31: Structures of Polymers (Readings: Ch 1, Ch 2.1-2.2)

  • 2/3-2/7: Structures of Composites

  • 2/10-2/14: EXAM 1 + Material Characterization (Readings: Ch 2.5,7.6, 9.6)

  • 2/17-2/21: Physical & Thermal Properties (Readings: Ch 3)

  • 2/24-2/28: Mechanical Properties and Analysis (Readings: Ch 4)

  • 3/3-3/7: Biomaterial Degradation (Readings: Ch 5, Paper Critique due)

  • 3/10-3/14: Biomaterials Processing (Readings: Ch 6)

  • 3/14: End of Day Deadlines

  • 3/17-3/21: Surface Properties (Readings: Ch 7)

  • 3/24-3/28: EXAM 2 + Protein Interaction with Biomaterials (Readings: Ch 8)

  • 3/31-4/4: Inflammation and Wound Healing (Project abstract due end of day) (Readings: Ch 10 & 11)

  • 4/7-4/11: Immune Response and Toxicity (Readings: Ch 12)

  • 4/14-4/18: Hemostasis & Thrombosis (Readings: Ch 13)

  • 4/21-4/23: Project Presentations

  • 4/28: Final Exam (Project reports due before presentation; date TBD)

Learning Objectives

  1. Understand design approaches in biomaterial science.

  2. Survey current and next generation biomaterials.

  3. Refresh fundamental chemistry concepts.

Introduction to Biomaterials

  • Definition: A nonviable material intended for medical devices interacting with biological systems (Williams, 1987, 1999).

  • Purpose: Evaluate, treat, augment, or replace body tissues, organs, or functions, for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

Historical Milestones in Biomaterials

  • 600 BC: Sushruta Samhita - Nose reconstruction.

  • 1860s: Lister's aseptic surgical technique - use of iron, gold, silver, platinum.

  • Early 1900s: W.A. Lane's bone plates for fracture fixation.

  • 1930s: Introduction of stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys.

  • 1938: First total hip prosthesis by P. Wiles.

  • 1940s: Use of polymers in medicine (e.g., PMMA for bone repair).

  • Significant advancements continued through the 1970s, including artificial hearts and FDA regulations.

Medical Device Statistics

  • **Annual Global Medical Devices:

    • Intraocular lens: 7,000,000

    • Contact lenses: 75,000,000

    • Vascular grafts: 400,000

    • Hip and knee prostheses: 1,000,000

    • Catheters: 300,000,000

    • Heart valves: 200,000

    • Stents: >2,000,000

    • Breast implants: 300,000

    • Dental implants: 500,000

    • Pacemakers: 200,000

    • Renal dialyzers: 25,000,000

    • Left ventricular assist devices: 100,000

  • Impact: Millions of lives saved and quality improved globally; a $100 billion industry.

Economic Overview

  • US Health Care Expenditures (2000): $1.4 trillion

  • Medical Device Market (2002): $77 billion

  • Biomaterials Market (2000): $9 billion

  • Significant individual device sales in various sectors, highlighting the impact of biomaterials in healthcare.

Current and Next Generation Biomaterials

  • Examples of Current Devices: Aortic valves, hip replacements, dental implants, stents, contact lenses.

  • Next Generation Innovations: Flexible electronics for wound detection, biodegradable stents, dissolvable wound dressings, biomimetic hydrogels.

Principles of Biomaterial Science

  • Objective: Design biomaterials for biomedical applications, studying physical and biological interactions.

  • Key Considerations: Identify needs, treatment methods, design for specific environments and applications. Analyze materials for biocompatibility and stability.

Chemistry Fundamentals

  • Importance of Chemical Composition: Distinctive properties of materials depend on their chemical constitution.

  • Atomic Structure: Understanding of protons, neutrons, electrons, and their respective roles in stability and properties.

Atomic Models and Electron Configuration

  • Bohr Model: Electrons in discrete energy states, emitting photons when transitioning between states.

  • Wave-Mechanical Model: Electrons have wave-like characteristics, leading to probability functions and electron clouds.

Types of Bonds

  • **Primary Bonds:

    • Ionic:** Transfer of electrons; forms stable crystalline structures.

    • Covalent:** Sharing of electrons; highly directional properties.

    • Metallic:** Collective sharing of electrons; ductile, malleable, conductive.

  • Secondary Bonds: Weaker attractions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals) that influence material properties.

Conclusion

  • Understanding biomaterials and their design considerations is crucial for innovation in medical device engineering, aiming for effective treatments and improved patient outcomes.