R1a. R1b and R2

R1a.

GAR CAR ZAR: Yo-form irregular conjugations

• GAR: Changes to "gué" in the preterite tense (e.g., "jugar" becomes "jugué").

• CAR: Changes to "qué" in the preterite tense (e.g., "tocar" becomes "toqué").

• ZAR: Changes to "cé" in the preterite tense (e.g., "empezar" becomes "empecé").

These changes only affect the first person singular form of the verb (Yo-form).

What happens for all the other forms? The use the normal -ar preterite endings.

Normal Preterite AR Endings:

R1b.

Orthographic spelling changes: Preterite 3rd person (singular and plural)

3rd Person Singular: él/ella/Usted (Ud) he/she/You formal

3rd Person Plural: ellos/ellas/Ustedes (Uds) they pl. masculine/ they pl. feminine / you all formal

If it’s:

-uir -eer -aer -oir -oer

***(except -uir)

***Tú, nosotros and vosostros and an accent to the i (í)

All 3rd person (plural or singular) that have the ending listed above:

él/ella/usted 👉 -yó

ellos/ellas/ustedes 👉🏻 -yeron

Example:

Caer: to fall

Yo caí nosotros caímos

tú caíste vosotros caísteis

él cayó ellos cayeron

R2

Stem-Changes in IR Preterite

If the IR verb is a stem changer in the PRESENT it has a stem change in the preterite, but the rules are different.

THIS RULE DOES NOT APPLY TO AR/ER PRESENT STEM CHANGERS

In the preterite, only the third person singular and plural forms undergo the stem change, meaning that the changes occur in the él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms.

List of Common IR Stem Changes (common not every one that exists)

Examples:

Morirse

He died: él se murió

I died: yo me morí

Mentir

They (pl) lied: Ellos mintieron

You lied: tú mentiste